Mycotoxin co-exposures in infants and young children consuming household- and industrially-processed complementary foods in Nigeria and risk management advice

Ojuri, Oluwaseun T.; Ezekiel, Chibundu N.; Eskola, Mari; Šarkanj, Bojan; Babalola, Akinola D.; Sulyok, Michael; Hajšlová, Jana; Elliott, Christopher T.; Krska, Rudolf

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.049

Cited by 62 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…However, in view of the cocktail of toxic fungal metabolites found in cheese balls and the fact that this food is consumed mostly by pre-school and early school-aged children (under age 5), more surveillance studies are required to understand the extent of contamination in this food and possible co-exposure patterns (Ojuri et al, 2019). Aflatoxins contaminated 20% of all food samples at mean total B and G aflatoxin levels of 36.6 µg/kg (range: 0.48-118 µg/kg).…”

Section: Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Plant Toxins In Rte Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Diversity and Mycotoxins in Low Moisture Content Ready-To-Eat Foods in Nigeria

et al. 2020

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Low moisture content ready-to-eat foods vended in Nigerian markets could be prepackaged or packaged at point of sale. These foods are widely and frequently consumed across Nigeria as quick foods. Despite their importance in the daily diets of Nigerians, a comprehensive study on the diversity of fungi, fungal metabolite production potential, and mycotoxin contamination in the foods has not yet been reported. Therefore, this study assessed the diversity of fungi in 70 samples of low moisture content ready-to-eat foods [cheese balls, garri (cassava-based), granola (a mix of cereals and nuts) and popcorn] in Nigeria by applying a polyphasic approach including morphological examination, genera/species-specific gene marker sequencing and secondary metabolite profiling of fungal cultures. Additionally, mycotoxin levels in the foods were determined by LC-MS/MS. Fungal strains (n = 148) were recovered only from garri. Molecular analysis of 107 representative isolates revealed 27 species belonging to 12 genera: Acremonium, Allophoma, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Microdochium, Penicillium, Sarocladium, Talaromyces, and Tolypocladium in the Ascomycota, and Fomitopsis and Trametes in the Basidiomycota. To the best of our knowledge Allophoma, Fomitopsis, Microdochium, Tolypocladium, and Trametes are reported in African food for the first time. A total of 21 uncommon metabolites were found in cultures of the following species: andrastin A and sporogen AO1 in Aspergillus flavus; paspalin in A. brunneoviolaceus; lecanoic acid and rugulusovin in A. sydowii; sclerotin A in P. citrinum and Talaromyces siamensis; barceloneic acid, festuclavine, fumigaclavine, isochromophilons (IV, VI, and IX), ochrephilone, sclerotioramin, and sclerotiorin in P. sclerotium; epoxyagroclavine, infectopyron, methylorsellinic acid and trichodermamide C in P. steckii; moniliformin and sporogen AO1 in P. copticola; and aminodimethyloctadecanol in Tolypocladium. Twenty-four mycotoxins in addition to other 73 fungal and plant toxins were quantified in the foods. In garri, cheeseballs, popcorn and granola were 1, 6, 12, and 23 mycotoxins detected, respectively. Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 April 2020 | Volume 11 | Article 615 Ezekiel et al. Fungi and Mycotoxins in Ready-to-Eat FoodsDeoxynivalenol, fumonisins, moniliformin, aflatoxins and citrinin contaminated 37, 31, 31, 20, and 14% of all food samples, respectively. Overall, citrinin had the highest mean concentration of 1481 µg/kg in the foods, suggesting high citrinin exposures in the Nigerian populace. Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of the foods depend on pre-food and post-food processing practices.

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Section: Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Plant Toxins In Rte Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Diversity and Mycotoxins in Low Moisture Content Ready-To-Eat Foods in Nigeria

et al. 2020

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“…Considering their chemical structures, aflatoxins are furanocoumarin derivatives (Figure 1), of which aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ), a hydroxylated derivative of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), occurs in milk and in various dairy products (Prandini et al, 2009;Giovati et al, 2015). AFM 1 is a distinguished target in on-going mycotoxin-related research, because AFM 1 consumption may be exceptionally dangerous for children especially at younger ages (Udomkun et al, 2017;Rodríguez-Blanco et al, 2019;Ojuri et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock

et al. 2019

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“…The occurrence of mycotoxins in these breast milk samples can be reasonably explained, as most mycotoxins were found in household foods and plateready meals in Nigeria. Detected analytes included BEA with a frequency of 42 to 100% and concentration levels up to 435 µg/kg (Ezekiel et al, 2019;Ojuri et al, 2019). Moreover, AFM 1 and OTA are recurring contaminants in food with levels up to 24 and 26 µg/kg and were also frequently found in Nigerian adult and infant urine with maximum levels of 620 and 310 ng/L (Šarkanj et al, 2018;Ezekiel et al, 2019;Ojuri et al, 2019).…”

Section: Table S3mentioning

confidence: 98%

Exposure to Mycotoxin-Mixtures via Breast Milk: An Ultra-Sensitive LC-MS/MS Biomonitoring Approach

et al. 2020

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Exposure to natural food contaminants during infancy may influence health consequences later in life. Hence, breast milk may serve as a vehicle to transport these contaminants, including mycotoxins, from mothers to their infants. Analytical methods mostly focused on single exposures in the past, thus neglecting co-occurrences and mixture effects. Here, we present a highly sensitive multi-biomarker approach by a sophisticated combination of steps during sample preparation including a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction followed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup and utilizing stable isotopes for compensating challenging matrix effects. The assay was validated in-house, reaching limits of detection (LOD) for all 34 analytes in the range of 0.1 to 300 ng/L with satisfying extraction efficiencies (75-109%) and stable intermediate precisions (1-18%) for most analytes. Compared to a similar multi-mycotoxin assay for breast milk, LOD values were decreased by a factor of 2-60x enabling the assessment of chronic low-dose exposures. The new method was applied to a small set of Nigerian breast milk samples (n = 3) to compare results with already published data. Concentration levels of samples that were found to be contaminated before could be confirmed. In addition, other mycotoxins were determined in all three samples, for example the newly investigated alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was found for the first time in this biological fluid at concentrations up to 25 ng/L. Moreover, in a pooled Austrian sample obtained from a milk bank, trace amounts of multiple mycotoxins including AME (1.9 ng/L), beauvericin (5.4 ng/L), enniatin B (4.7 ng/L), enniatin B 1 (

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Mycotoxin co-exposures in infants and young children consuming household- and industrially-processed complementary foods in Nigeria and risk management advice

Cited by 62 publications

References 51 publications

Fungal Diversity and Mycotoxins in Low Moisture Content Ready-To-Eat Foods in Nigeria

Fungal Diversity and Mycotoxins in Low Moisture Content Ready-To-Eat Foods in Nigeria

Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock

Exposure to Mycotoxin-Mixtures via Breast Milk: An Ultra-Sensitive LC-MS/MS Biomonitoring Approach

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