Mycotic Keratitis in a Blue-fronted Amazon Parrot (<i>Amazona aestiva</i>)

Hoppes, Sharman; Gurfield, N.; Flammer, Keven; Colitz, Carmen M. H.; Fisher, Peter G.

doi:10.1647/1082-6742(2000)014[0185:mkiabf]2.0.co;2

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In the cerebellum of broiler breeders and turkeys, circumscribed white to greyish areas were observed. Granuloma formation was also seen in the brain and lungs of layer chicken [22].…”

Section: Necropsy Findingmentioning

confidence: 81%

A Review on Aspergillosis in Poultry

Girma¹,

Abebaw²,

Zemene³

et al. 2016

J Vet Sci Technol

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Aspergillosis is a respiratory disease of chicken, turkey, humans and other mammals and less frequently ducks, pigeon, geese and other wild and domestic birds. It is cuased by a fungal species under the genus Aspergillus. In chickens and turkey, the disease may be endemic on some farm. In wild birds, it appears too sporadic, frequently affecting only an individual bird. It is usually seen in birds of 7-40 days old. Aspergillus spp are ubiquitous and the disease is found where ever environmental condition is favorable for growth. Aspergillus fumigatus is frequently isolated in affected bird. Infection occurs by inhalation of spores. The disease has two forms, acute and chronic form. The acute form occurs when large amount of spores are ingested by the bird, where as, the chronic form affects birds under immune suppression. The clinical signs are non-specific and a variety of diagnostic procedures are required for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in poultry, of which culturing is very important. Treatment of aspergillosis is not effective and prevention is the best way of controlling the disease. Good managemental practices such as sanitation, avoiding wet litter or soil and moldy or dusty feeds, provididing adequate ventilation, and disinfecting feed and water lines should be implemented to prevent and control the disease.

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“…In the cerebellum of broiler breeders and turkeys, circumscribed white to greyish areas were observed. Granuloma formation was also seen in the brain and lungs of layer chicken [22].…”

Section: Necropsy Findingmentioning

confidence: 81%

A Review on Aspergillosis in Poultry

Girma¹,

Abebaw²,

Zemene³

et al. 2016

J Vet Sci Technol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Gram-negative bacteria are rare in birds, and they usually represent about 1% of the samples (Bayón et al 2007). The presence of yeast and fungi was also observed, which is not usually reported in birds (Dupont et al 1994, Hoppes et al 2000 but is common in horses (Sgorbini et al 2008). The presence of fungi may be of transitory nature, due to the environment and exposure, which explains its low incidence, where they are more often isolated in cattle and horses, whose environment is richer in organic material (Dupont et al 1994, Hoppes et al 2000, Sgorbini et al 2008, Meekins et al 2015b.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

et al. 2017

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The aim of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy blue-and-yellow macaws. We investigated a total of 35 adult macaws (70 eyes) of undetermined sex and with an average weight of 1 kg, who were living in captivity in the Federal District, Brazil. Tear production using the Schirmer tear test (STT), normal conjunctival flora, intraocular pressure (IOP) using a rebound tonometer and horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were evaluated. In this study, 84.1% of samples were positive for microbial growth. Bacteria, fungi and yeasts were isolated, and Staphylococcus spp. (21.9%) and Bacillus spp. (26.8%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. The mean value for STT was 7.6±4.6mm/min in the right eye (OD) and 6.6±4.4mm/min in the left eye (OS) (median = 7,11±0,76mm/min). Mean IOP was 11.4±2.5mm Hg OD and 11.6±1.8mm Hg OS (median = 11.49±0.22mm Hg), prior to anesthesia, and 7.6±2.4mm Hg OD and 7.8±1.8mm Hg OS (median 7.71±0.08mmHg) after anesthesia. The IOP was significantly lower when the animals were under anesthesia as compared to when they were conscious (p≤0.05). Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 11.7±0.1mm OD and 11.8±0.1mm OS (median = 11.72±0.07mm). The STT showed a positive correlation with palpebral fissure measurement for this species. These selected ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful in diagnosing pathological changes in the eyes of blue-and-yellow macaws.

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“…Nasal aspergillosis causes exudative rhinitis (Tsai et al, 1992), possibly accompanied by malformation of the nostrils, beak and cere (Bauck et al, 1992). Mycotic keratitis can cause blepharospasm, photophobia, periorbital swelling, turbid discharge, swollen and adhered eyelids, cloudy cornea and cheesy yellow exudates within the conjunctival sac (Beckman et al, 1994;Hoppes et al, 2000). Neurological signs can be caused by Aspergillus spp.…”

Section: Clinical Signs and Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%