Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Layers: Diagnosis and Control Measures – A Review

Abstract

Mycoplasmas are widespread bacteria in domestic and wild birds. Among the important species in laying hen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, are considered as an emergent pathogen in the last few years worldwide, causing considerable economic losses as a result of falling eggs and the decrease in egg quality. Transmission of M. synoviae occurs horizontally, more rapidly in multi-age sites, and vertically, leading to a decline in hatchability in breeding farms. The interaction between M. synoviae and the host’s immune system explains the immunosuppression induced by this pathogen. Inside the cell, M. synoviae can escape the immune system by implementing several mechanisms.Subclinical respiratory infection is oft en associated to M. synoviae. However, severe disease may be observed in the presence of other factors (respiratory viruses, stressors). The emergence of a new form of clinical manifestation of disease associated to M. synoviae infection has been described since the 2000s. Eggshell apex abnormalities of the produced eggs, associated to high risk of cracks and breakage, is described.The diagnosis of M. synoviae infection is based on various tests, including serology, culture and biomolecular methods. Control is based on theacquisition of free mycoplasma birds, biosecurity, regular monitoring and vaccination. Management of other risk factors is essential.

Pooled molecular occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Voluntary MS control and eradication programs have been performed in some countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, whereas the Dutch poultry industry implemented in 2013 a mandatory control and eradication program for MS for all poultry categories except broilers (Feberwee et al., 2017). Mycoplasma monitoring is targeting breeding and commercial laying farms and national certification programs have contributed to the control of Mycoplasma infections in many countries, though the implemented programs vary widely across countries, regions and farms (Kaboudi & Jbenyeni, 2019).…”

“…Currently, there are three live vaccines commercially approved against MG (6/85 strain, ts‐11 and F strain) and a K‐strain that has been tested in some studies (Ishfaq et al., 2020). For MS, vaccination is performed especially in breeders and layers with two live attenuated vaccines available (Kaboudi & Jbenyeni, 2019). Concerning the use of antibiotics is not a suitable measure for control because this type of treatment does not eliminate mycoplasma infections (Buim et al., 2009).…”

Epidemiological and Diagnostic Status of Mycoplasma Synoviae in Pakistan and India: A Review

“…Mycoplasma resides in the environment for several days so indirect transmission may occur through indirect contact with wild birds, people, food, vehicles and water (Fig. 1) (Kaboudi et al 2019).…”

Rapid and sensitive detection of Mycoplasma synoviae using RPA combined with Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute

“…Furthermore, MS is often coinfected with Escherichia coli , infectious bronchitis virus ( IBV ), Newcastle disease virus ( NDV ), and Mycoplasma gallisepticum ( MG ); moreover, it aggravates clinical symptoms and elicits difficulties in the diagnosis of the disease ( Landman and Feberwee, 2004 ; Sid et al, 2015 ). Voluntary control and eradication programs for MS have been implemented in the United States and the United Kingdom ( Landman, 2014 ; Kaboudi K, 2019 ). Rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection methods are important for the clinical control and eradication of MS infections.…”