Pooled molecular occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Worldwide, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) are the main agents responsible for chronic respiratory disease in poultry. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate their occurrence. We searched electronic databases to find peer-reviewed publications reporting the molecular detection of MG and MS in poultry and used meta-analysis to estimate their pooled global occurrence (combined flock and individual), aggregating results at the regional and national levels. We performed a subgroup meta-analysis for subpopulations (broilers, layers, breeders and diverse poultry including turkeys, ducks and ostriches) and used meta-regression with categorical modifiers. We retrieved 2294 publications from six electronic databases and included 85 publications from 33 countries that reported 62 studies with 22,162 samples for MG and 48 studies with 26,413 samples for MS. The pooled global occurrence was 38.4% (95% CI: 23.5-54.5) for MS and 27.0% (20.4-34.2) for MG. Among regions, Europe and Central Asia had the lowest occurrence for both pathogens, while MG and MS were highly prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, respectively. At the national level, MG occurrence was higher in Algeria, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, whereas China, Egypt and Ethiopia reported higher values of MS. Among the poultry subpopulations, MS and MG were more prevalent in the breeders and layers (62.6% and 31.2%, respectively) than in diverse poultry. The year of publication, the sample size and the level of ambient air pollution (measured indirectly by PM2.5) were associated with the occurrence of both mycoplasmas. Our study revealed high and heterogeneous occurrence values of MG and MS and justifies the need for early detection and improved control measures to reduce the spread of these pathogens.

Percent positivity and phylogenetic analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial poultry from the different States of India

“…As per a worldwide pooled epidemiological meta-analysis, percent positivity for MG was 17.75% (3935/22162), and MS 74.89% (19783/26413) was reported. Meta-analysis data of India MG 16.25% (151/929) and MS 50.74% (68/134) was comparable with present study MG 21.93% (794/3620), MS 39.11% (1416/3620) [18]. Molecular study conducted by Prajapati et al [19] in different countries indicate an increase in the prevalence of MG and MS infections among breeder and layer chickens.…”

“…The 16S rRNA sequence was not used for phylogenetic analysis because it has a highly conserved region among Mycoplasma species; therefore, the phylogenetic analysis of these sequences is not of much importance [20]. The phylogenetic analysis based on mgc2 of MG samples MGH01 and MGM01 were clustered with previously documented Indian sequences MG [18,19]. In a similar kind of study , the Indian field isolates of MG shared 90-100% identity with strains isolated in Thailand and Israel [5], while one strain shared 100% identity with the MG vaccine strain (MG 6/85) [21].…”

Prevalence, main serovars and anti‐microbial resistance profiles of non‐typhoidal Salmonella in poultry samples from the Americas: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…We estimated the overall pooled prevalence of NTS and the prevalence of AMR in poultry samples with a random-effects meta-analysis of proportions using the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation with 95% exact confidence intervals (95% CI; Chaidez-Ibarra et al, 2022). To estimate the prevalence of NTS: first, we performed metaanalyses according to the type of sample with subgroup analysis aggregating the studies by the level of sampling; second, we performed metaanalysis according to the type of sample, aggregating the studies by country (considering both individual and flock/collective data).…”

Novel antigenic proteins of Mycoplasma synoviae as potential vaccine candidates

“…Previous studies have also found a global occurrence of 38.4% for M. synoviae higher than that of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Although not resulting directly in death in poultry, it may show mixed infection with other avian pathogens leading to more serious diseases and serious economic losses during intensive poultry production around the world 2 . Vaccination is currently the most effective approach for preventing and controlling M. synoviae compared to pathogen eradication and the use of antibiotics.…”