Mycoplasma bovis: Taxonomy, Characteristics, Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance

Abstract

Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is one of the most significant bacteria, which leads to multiple bovine diseases such as keratoconjunctivitis, otitis media, arthritis, genital disorders, mastitis, and pneumonia in cattle. M. bovis is considered the second most pathogenic mycoplasmas infection after Mycoplasma mycoides sub sp. mycoides (Mmm) that causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. M. bovis is a wall-less host-specific bacterium. Currently, it is responsible for important economic problems worldwide such as reducing production, premature culling, and increasing the mortality of the affected animals. The infection caused by M. bovis is hampered due to the lack of effective vaccines and treatment. Besides, antibiotic resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones, the drug of choice for M. bovis treatment, has formidable economic losses due to treatment limitations by these antimicrobials. Our review highlights and discusses the taxonomy, general characteristics, economic importance, isolation, identification, and pathogenesis of M. bovis. Finally, it focused on the antimicrobial resistance of this particular bacterium.

Exploring the Interactive Effects of Thymol and Thymoquinone: Moving towards an Enhanced Performance, Gross Margin, Immunity and Aeromonas sobria Resistance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…Lately, there has been a fast development in bacteria resistant to the presently used antibiotics [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], because of the misuse of antibiotics in humans, animals and fish, especially in developing countries [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], that necessitate the usage of novel alternative antibiotics from medicinal plants to control the resistant strains [ 23 , 24 ]. Phytogenics are secondary metabolites of medicinal plants those are produced as a result of plants interaction with their surrounding environment.…”

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bovine Mycoplasma Species in Egypt

“…The high resistance rates of M. bovis isolates in developing countries may have resulted from the uncontrolled usage of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine as growth promoters, in cattle treatment in the case of respiratory diseases without any prescription, and as a control measure in farms, because there are no commercial vaccines available for bovine Mycoplasma spp. Therefore, antimicrobial usage must be controlled in the cattle industry [ 12 ]. Moreover, it is fundamental to utilize alternative drugs from medicinal plants to control resistant pathogens [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ].…”

“…Healthy cattle exposed to M. bovis via the respiratory system may become chronic carriers but seldom develop diseases in the absence of stressors or other co-infecting microorganisms [ 10 ]. Of note, bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, and bovine enzootic bronchopneumonia are caused by several organisms such as Pasteurella spp., Haemophilus somnus, Actinomyces pyogenes, and M. bovis may exacerbate the disease condition [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Moreover, mastitis due to M. bovis is a significant problem for milk production and animal welfare in large dairy herds around the world.…”

“…Furthermore, arthritis caused M. bovis mostly occurs in pre-weaned calves; however, it can occur in cattle at any age, and it is usually correlated with respiratory infection and it usually affects the big rotator joints (stifle, hock, shoulder, elbow, carpal, and hip). Additionally, the acute phase of the disease is characterized by pain, joint swelling, fever, and lameness with poor response to antimicrobial agents [ 10 , 12 ]. Otitis media interna in calves is believed to be caused by M. bovis either alone or in correlation with other microorganisms and it is characterized by poor appetite, conjunctival discharge, and pain with different degrees from pyrexia to neurologic manifestations [ 6 , 12 ].…”

“…Additionally, the acute phase of the disease is characterized by pain, joint swelling, fever, and lameness with poor response to antimicrobial agents [ 10 , 12 ]. Otitis media interna in calves is believed to be caused by M. bovis either alone or in correlation with other microorganisms and it is characterized by poor appetite, conjunctival discharge, and pain with different degrees from pyrexia to neurologic manifestations [ 6 , 12 ].…”