Mycobacterium ulcerans and Other Mycolactone-Producing Mycobacteria Should Be Considered a Single Species

Pidot, Sacha J.; Asiedu, Kingsley; Käser, Michael; Fyfe, Janet; Stinear, Timothy P.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000663

Cited by 53 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…It was identified in other environmental mycobacteria that are slow growing, known to be mycolactone producing mycobacteria (Pidot et al, 2010). Results of this study also show its existence in the fast growing mycobacteria.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Microbiological and molecular characterization of environmental mycobacterium strains isolated from the Buruli ulcer endemic and non-endemic zones in Cte dIvoire

Vakou¹,

Julien²,

Kakou-Ngazoa³

et al. 2016

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU), the causative agent of Buruli ulcer (BU), skin disease, is considered to be an environmental pathogen. The pathogenic virulence of MU is being linked to the expression of toxin called Mycolactone. Genetic analyses have shown the high diversity with variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) in M. ulcerans and in mycolactone producing Mycobacteria (MPMs). The purpose of this study is the molecular characterization of potentially pathogenic environmental mycobacteria strain, apart from the M. ulcerans, from aquatic environments in Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 473 samples were collected comprising of 251 water and 222 sediment based on sampling sites. The sediments were the most contaminated by mycobacteria with 60% as against 43.3% in water samples from the hyper endemic areas. In hypoendemic areas, water was the most contaminated with 53.57% against 43.24% in sediment. Microscopy by Ziehl-Neelsen-staining, and PCR diagnostics using IS2404 and KR were performed on strains. 20% fast growing isolated mycobacteria species including Mycobacterium mucogenicum, Mycobacterium peregrinum and Mycobacterium sp. was found carrying the IS2404 gene previously found in M. ulcerans. 9.23% of strains carry the ketoreductase (KR) genes, one of the synthesis of mycolactone enzymes. In terms of genetic analysis using the MIRU/VNTR, the MIRU 1 was the most amplified sequence, and LOCUS 6 less amplified; no known profile have been identified in this study. This study is the first step taken in order to understand different skin infections encountered in Côte d'Ivoire.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Microbiological and molecular characterization of environmental mycobacterium strains isolated from the Buruli ulcer endemic and non-endemic zones in Cte dIvoire

Vakou¹,

Julien²,

Kakou-Ngazoa³

et al. 2016

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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“…All MPM have highly similar genetic features, and can be re-assigned as strains of M. ulcerans (Pidot et al 2010). Therefore, a previous study also suggested M. ulcerans and the other MPM should be considered as the same mycobacterial species (Pidot et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A group of myco bacteria called mycolactone-producing mycobacteria (MPM), harboring a mycolactoneproducing plasmid, is able to generate an immunosuppressive and cytotoxic toxin (mycolactone), which is considered an important virulence factor in MPM infection . Although only one species of MPM, named Mycobacterium ulcerans, is reported to cause a disease called Buruli ulcer in humans (Pidot et al 2010), other species of MPM, including M. liflandii, M. marinum, and M. pseudoshottsii, have been reported to cause disease in amphibians and fish (Mve-Obiang et al 2005, Rhodes et al 2005, Ranger et al 2006.From November 2014 to January 2015, a mass mortality event among captive Hong Kong warty newts Paramesotriton hongkongensis with non-granulomatous necrotic lesions occurred in the Taipei Zoo, Taiwan. This study reports on the pathological and molecular investigations of 14 newts conducted using histopathological examination, histochemical staining, and PCR to investigate possible ranaviruses and mycolactone-producing mycobacteria infection in these cases.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous study also suggested that pathogens such as ranaviruses and Batrachochytrium spp. may cause physiological stress and thereby impair host immune function, which further exacerbates the disease status (Rollins-Smith 2017).All MPM have highly similar genetic features, and can be re-assigned as strains of M. ulcerans (Pidot et al 2010). Therefore, a previous study also suggested M. ulcerans and the other MPM should be considered as the same mycobacterial species (Pidot et al 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, a previous study also suggested M. ulcerans and the other MPM should be considered as the same mycobacterial species (Pidot et al 2010). Because other MPM have been reported to cause diseases in humans, the zoonotic potential of MPM should be of concern (Yip et al 2007, Pidot et al 2010). Mycolactone-producing M. marinum has been found only in the regions around western Asia (Israel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Red Sea), and has never been reported in other regions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycolactone-producing Mycobacterium marinum infection in captive Hong Kong warty newts and pathological evidence of impaired host immune function

Chang²,

Pang³

et al. 2017

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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A mass mortality event of captive Hong Kong warty newts Paramesotriton hongkongensis with non-granulomatous necrotic lesions occurred in Taipei Zoo, Taiwan, in 2014. Clinically, the sick newts were lethargic and often covered with water mold Saprolegnia sp. on the skin of the body trunk or extremities. Predominant pathological findings were multifocal nongranulomatous necrotic lesions in the liver, spleen, and kidneys and severe skin infection with Sapro legnia sp., with deep invasion and involvement of underlying muscles. The possibility of ranavirus infection was ruled out by negative PCR results. Unexpectedly, abundant intralesional acid-fast positive bacilli were found in the necrotic lesions of the liver, spleen, and kidney in all 14 sick newts. PCR targeting the hsp65, ITS region, and partial 16S rRNA genes was performed, and the sequence identity from amplified amplicons of hsp65 and partial 16S rRNA genes was 100% identical to that of the corresponding gene fragment of Mycobacterium marinum. Further molecular investigations demonstrated that the current M. marinum was a mycolactone-producing myco bacterium with the presence of esxA/esxB genes. Mycolactone is a plasmid-encoded, immunosuppressive, and cytotoxic toxin. The possible immunosuppression phenomenon characterized by systemic non-granulomatous necrotic lesions caused by M. marinum and the unusual deep invasive infection caused by water mold might be associated with the immunosuppressive effect of mycolactone. Therefore, it should be noted that non-granulomatous necrotic lesions in amphibians can be caused not only by ranavirus infection but also by mycobacteriosis.KEY WORDS: Hong Kong warty newt · Mycobacterium marinum · Mycolactone · Saprolegnia sp. Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 123: [239][240][241][242][243][244][245][246][247][248][249] 2017 al. 2011). At least 72 amphibian species in 14 families are known to have been infected by ranaviruses, and host susceptibility varies among species and developmental stages (Miller et al. 2011). The histopathological lesions caused by ranaviruses are multifocal hemorrhagic and necrotic foci in multiple internal organs, and the renal tubular epithelium is also considered as one of the primary targets (Robert et al. 2005, Gray et al. 2009, Miller et al. 2011. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is the cau sative agent of chytridiomycosis, a potentially fatal epidermal infection in amphibians (Van Rooij et al. 2015). Recently, a new species of Batrachochytrium sp., named B. salamandrivorans, was discovered (Martel et al. 2014). This species, which most likely originated in Asia, is highly pathogenic to salamanders (Martel et al. 2014).Infectious diseases in amphibians such as mycobacteriosis, do not only affect ectothermic vertebrates, but can also cause disease in mammals, including humans (Densmore & Green 2007). Therefore, the zoonotic potential of some infectious diseases in amphibians and in exotic companion animals should not be overl...

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Mycobacterium ulcerans and Buruli Ulcer

Benbow

Hall

Mosi

et al. 2015

Human Emerging and Re‐emerging Infections

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Mycobacterium ulcerans and Other Mycolactone-Producing Mycobacteria Should Be Considered a Single Species

Cited by 53 publications

References 18 publications

Microbiological and molecular characterization of environmental mycobacterium strains isolated from the Buruli ulcer endemic and non-endemic zones in Cte dIvoire

Microbiological and molecular characterization of environmental mycobacterium strains isolated from the Buruli ulcer endemic and non-endemic zones in Cte dIvoire

Mycolactone-producing Mycobacterium marinum infection in captive Hong Kong warty newts and pathological evidence of impaired host immune function

Mycobacterium ulcerans and Buruli Ulcer

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