MXene-based composites against antibiotic-resistant bacteria: current trends and future perspectives

Abstract

This review endeavors to delineate critical issues pertaining to the application of MXene-based composites against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Carbon-based two-dimensional (2D) materials: a next generation biocidal agent

“…CB-2D-Ms can provide mechanical flexibility together with large surface area and pore size distribution. 14–25 Additionally, several studies have shown that CB-2D-Ms can effectively inhibit the growth of various bacteria, including Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ). Usually, their antibacterial activity can be attributed to various mechanisms, such as disruption of bacterial cell membranes, oxidative stress, and inhibition of bacterial adhesion.…”

Recent advances using MXenes in biomedical applications

“…Through the direct contact between MXene nanomaterials and microbes, the sharp edges in the MXene layered nanostructure penetrate and destroy the microbial cell membrane, causing microbial damage and eventual death. 91 Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, Rasool and co-workers found that MXenes significantly damage the microbial membrane through direct physical contact. 92 Additional evidence for a direct physical interaction is obtained from growth curves of E. coli and B. subtilis in the presence of MXene nanosheets of different (lateral) sizes (0.09, 0.35, 0.57 and 4.40 μm).…”

MXene-based composites in smart wound healing and dressings

“…MXenes have the potential to be a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics owing to their unique properties and potential applications in targeted drug delivery and non-invasive strategies against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. 40,41 MXenes employ three main mechanisms for exhibiting antibacterial activity: (a) inducing physical damage by sharp edges of MXene nanoflakes and direct mechanical destruction of bacterial cells, 42 (b) generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and (c) photothermal deactivation of bacteria (Fig. 2A).…”

“…Thus, it is vital to gently consider the environmental impact of MXenes and their potential long-term effects on human health before widespread applications. 42,48…”