Mutation Accumulation and the Extinction of Small Populations

Lynch, Michael; Conery, John S.; Bürger, Reinhard

doi:10.1086/285812

Cited by 885 publications

(833 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…It has been demonstrated by theoretical models and field studies that the maintenance of genetic diversity and population viability is critically dependent on gene flow among local populations (Swindell and Bouzat 2005;Apodaca et al 2012). When habitat fragmentation compromises gene flow, the viability of the population and individual fitness will be theoretically affected as inbreeding accumulates deleterious mutations (Lynch et al 1995;Saccheri et al 1998). Small populations are particularly likely to lose genetic variation by drift, but gene flow counteracts genetic drift and spreads potentially adaptive gene, so maintaining local genetic variation (Frankham et al 2002;Segelbacher et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parnassius apollo nevadensis: identification of recent population structure and source–sink dynamics

et al. 2017

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The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0931-0.eprints@whiterose.ac.uk https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. AbstractPopulation persistence depends in many cases on gene flow between local populations. Parnassius apollo nevadensis is an endemic subspecies of Apollo butterfly in the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain), whose populations are distributed in discrete patches at altitudes between 1850Ð2700 m. In this paper, we use 13 microsatellite loci to examine the genetic structure of this P. apollo subspecies. We revealed both a strong pattern of isolation by distance (which was stronger when calculated with realistic travel distances that accounted for topography) and sourceÐsink dynamics. The observed population genetic structure is consistent with strongly asymmetrical gene flow, leading to constant directional migration and differential connectivity among the populations. The apparently contradictory results from the clustering algorithms (Structure and Geneland) are also consistent with a recent (<100 ya) reduction in the distribution range.The results point to global warming as a possible cause of this reduction, as in other populations of this species. We identify some natural and anthropogenic barriers to gene flow that may be the cause of the recent population structure and sourceÐsink dynamics.2

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parnassius apollo nevadensis: identification of recent population structure and source–sink dynamics

et al. 2017

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“…The simulation studies (Wang et al, 1999;Wang, 2000) also showed that the efficiency of purging was highly dependent on the distribution of mutational effects of the trait under selection and on the census size of the population. Furthermore, demographic parameters like population size or reproductive rate, have been shown to be critical for populations to accumulate deleterious mutations that can lead to extinction (Lynch et al, 1995). These analyses did not explicitly manage the populations in question, but allowed natural selection to act upon a selected trait.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purging deleterious mutations in conservation programmes: combining optimal contributions with inbred matings

Cara¹,

Villanueva²,

Toro

et al. 2013

Heredity

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Conservation programmes aim at minimising the loss of genetic diversity, which allows populations to adapt to potential environmental changes. This can be achieved by calculating how many offspring every individual should contribute to the next generation to minimise global coancestry. However, an undesired consequence of this strategy is that it maintains deleterious mutations, compromising the viability of the population. In order to avoid this, optimal contributions could be combined with inbred matings, to expose and eliminate recessive deleterious mutations by natural selection in a process known as purging. Although some populations that have undergone purging experienced reduced inbreeding depression, this effect is not consistent across species. Whether purging by inbred matings is efficient in conservation programmes depends on the balance between the loss of diversity, the initial decrease in fitness and the reduction in mutational load. Here we perform computer simulations to determine whether managing a population by combining optimal contributions with inbred matings improves its long-term viability while keeping reasonable levels of diversity. We compare the management based on genealogical information with management based on molecular data to calculate coancestries. In the scenarios analysed, inbred matings never led to higher fitness and usually maintained lower diversity than random or minimum coancestry matings. Replacing genealogical with molecular coancestry can maintain a larger genetic diversity but can also lead to a lower fitness. Our results are strongly dependent on the mutational model assumed for the trait under selection, the population size during management and the reproductive rate.

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“…For example, deleterious mutations can cause extinctions of small populations if U>0 . 1 and the average selection coefficient (s) is less than the reciprocal of the population size (Lynch et al, 1995 ;Schultz & Lynch, 1997) ; drive substantial 'goodgenes ' sexual selection if U>0 . 2 (Houle & Kondrashov, 2002) ; and account for the maintenance of sexual reproduction if U is on the order of 1 or more (Kondrashov, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutation accumulation and the effect of copia insertions in Drosophila melanogaster

Houle

Nuzhdin

2004

Genet. Res.

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SummaryRepeated efforts to estimate the genomic deleterious mutation rate per generation (U) in Drosophila melanogaster have yielded inconsistent estimates ranging from 0 . 01 to nearly 1. We carried out a mutation-accumulation experiment with a cryopreserved control population in hopes of resolving some of the uncertainties raised by these estimates. Mutation accumulation (MA) was carried out by brother-sister mating of 150 sublines derived from two inbred lines. Fitness was measured under conditions chosen to mimic the ancestral laboratory environment of these genotypes. We monitored the insertions of a transposable element, copia, that proved to accumulate at the unusually high rate of 0 . 24 per genome per generation in one of our MA lines. Mutational variance in fitness increased at a rate consistent with previous studies, yielding a mutational coefficient of variation greater than 3 %. The performance of the cryopreserved control relative to the MA lines was inconsistent, so estimates of mutation rate by the Bateman-Mukai method are suspect. Taken at face value, these data suggest a modest decline in fitness of about 0 . 3 % per generation. The element number of copia was a significant predictor of fitness within generations ; on average, insertions caused a 0 . 76 % loss in fitness, although the confidence limits on this estimate are wide.

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Mutation Accumulation and the Extinction of Small Populations

Cited by 885 publications

References 66 publications

Parnassius apollo nevadensis: identification of recent population structure and source–sink dynamics

Parnassius apollo nevadensis: identification of recent population structure and source–sink dynamics

Purging deleterious mutations in conservation programmes: combining optimal contributions with inbred matings

Mutation accumulation and the effect of copia insertions in Drosophila melanogaster

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