Parnassius apollo nevadensis: identification of recent population structure and source–sink dynamics

Abstract

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0931-0.eprints@whiterose.ac.uk https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. AbstractPopulation persistence depends in many cases on gene flow between local populations. Parnassius apollo nevadensis is an endemic subspecies of Apollo butterfly in the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain), whose populations are distributed in discrete patches at altitudes between 1850Ð2700 m. In this paper, we use 13 microsatellite loci to examine the genetic structure of this P. apollo subspecies. We revealed both a strong pattern of isolation by distance (which was stronger when calculated with realistic travel distances that accounted for topography) and sourceÐsink dynamics. The observed population genetic structure is consistent with strongly asymmetrical gene flow, leading to constant directional migration and differential connectivity among the populations. The apparently contradictory results from the clustering algorithms (Structure and Geneland) are also consistent with a recent (<100 ya) reduction in the distribution range.The results point to global warming as a possible cause of this reduction, as in other populations of this species. We identify some natural and anthropogenic barriers to gene flow that may be the cause of the recent population structure and sourceÐsink dynamics.2

Population size and genetic variability of a relict population of an endangered butterfly, Parnassius apollo filabricus

“…So we think that we can use the estimated ratios as a proxy to the unbiased value of N e /N. The values are similar to the ones reported by Palstra and Fraser (2012), and so (Mira et al, 2017), which vary between 63 and 166. Although we acknowledge that the right comparison should be between present (extant populations) and past (extinct populations) genetic diversity in the Baza-Filabres range, we believe that diversity values of populations in Sierra Nevada should be a good proxy of the expected values of diversity historically, at equilibrium.…”

“…The values are similar to the ones reported by Palstra and Fraser (), and so not particularly smaller than expected from what is known in other animal populations. Moreover, N e estimates for Baza are similar to the estimates obtained in Sierra Nevada (Mira et al ., ), which vary between 63 and 166.…”

“…Loci were checked for evidences of null alleles using Micro-Checker version 2.2.3 (Van Oosterhout et al, 2004) and departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (heterozygote deficit) were assessed with GENEPOP 4.0 (Raymond & Rousset, 1995). Loci Pan03, Pan21, Pan27 and Pan37 showed evidence of significant deviation from HWE in some populations of Sierra Nevada (Mira et al, 2017). Because of this we used only nine loci (Pan16, Pan19, Pan29, Pan30, Pan32, Pan38, Pan43, Pan44 and Pan49) in the comparisons between the population of Baza and those of Sierra Nevada.…”

“…We have used the 11 individuals of P. apollo filabricus captured in the population in 2009 and the 18 individuals captured in 2012, and we have compared their genetic diversity with that of 13 populations of P. apollo nevadensis (Sierra Nevada, Spain). Samples from Sierra Nevada come from another study on genetic diversity of P. apollo nevadensis (Mira et al, 2017).…”

Population structure, gene flow and relatedness of Natterer’s bats in Northern England

“…Isolation by distance, the process of increasing genetic differentiation correlated with increasing geographic distance (Wright 1943), for all sites was tested via Mantel's test (Mantel, 1967) from the comparison of all pairwise F ST /(1 − F ST ) values with pairwise geographic distances using the R package 'ecodist' (Mira et al 2017) with 10,000 permutations. The test was performed for the whole dataset as well as within the North Yorkshire region consisting of three populations (Harpham, Low Catton and Wintringham).…”