Mussel-inspired coating of energetic crystals: A compact core–shell structure with highly enhanced thermal stability

Gong, Feiyan; Jian-hu, Zhang; Ding, Ling; Yang, Zhijian; Liu, Xiaobing

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2016.10.020

Cited by 108 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In comparison with the protuberance and cracks appearing on the surface of ε-CL-20 crystals ( Figure 3e) caused by the electron beams during the SEM test, similar phenomena were significantly improved in the well-coated samples (Figures 3a-d). This reveals that even though the raw explosive crystals are extremely sensitive to electron beams, dense polymer films coated on the crystals could effectively improve the resistance to electron beams [25]. The change in the electronic binding energy of the elements on the surface of ε-CL-20 determined by the XPS test provided valuable insights into the costing effectiveness.…”

Section: Morphology and Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SEM images shown in Figure 3 indicate that the dense coating of PDA on each crystal may be the main reason that the small amount of PDA could inhibit the phase change significantly. Compared with the samples prepared via mechanical mixing, the initial crystal transformation temperature of ε-CL-20 after PDA self-oxidative polymerization coating increased by about 30 • C, which indicates a markedly improved thermal safety of ε-CL-20 during application [25]. Table 3.…”

Section: Thermal Properties Of ε-Cl-20 Composite Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The percent contribution of the C1s, O1s, and N1s atom to ε-CL-20, PDA, and ε-CL-20/PDA samples were integrated and are presented in Table 2. The coating effect of explosive particles can be accessed via analyzing the N/C ratio on the particle surface [25]. The N/C ratio on the surfaces of PDA, PLD, PNE, and POHDA are 0.11, 0.13, 0.12, and 0.12, respectively.…”

Section: Morphology and Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, new materials must be found with strong adhesion for modifying energetic crystal particles. Recently, mussel coatings inspired by dopamine in situ polymerization attracted interest and are usually used to passivate large amounts of substrates such as glass, metals, polymers, and nano-carbon materials [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Dopamine chemistry was reported for crystal modification of energetic materials, such as HMX, RDX, and 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) [11,[26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced Crystal Stabilities of ε-CL-20 via Core-Shell Structured Energetic Composites

et al. 2020

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2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a widely used high-energy explosive for the application of energetic materials. However, the phase transformation from ε-CL-20 to γ-CL-20 restrains its further application in polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) and propellants. To inhibit the phase transition of CL-20, dopamine was first used in an efficient and facile method of in situ polymerization to passivate CL-20 crystals. The core-shell microcapsule particles were obtained, and the morphological characterization demonstrates the formation of a dense core-shell structure. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) test results show that the compact and dense coating delays the ε-CL-20 crystal transformation temperature by about 30 °C, which enhances thermal stability. In addition, with the coating via polymers, the friction sensitivity of ε-CL-20 crystals decreases significantly. The findings indicate a successful application of dopamine chemistry in high-energy explosives, which provides an attractive method to modify the properties of CL-20 crystals.

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Section: Morphology and Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Properties Of ε-Cl-20 Composite Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Morphology and Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced Crystal Stabilities of ε-CL-20 via Core-Shell Structured Energetic Composites

et al. 2020

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“…The samples were previously purified by re-crystallization (purity > 99 % determined by HPLC), then sieved to obtain three kinds particle, with the range size of 45-75 mm (small), 75-150 mm (medium) and 250-400 mm (large), respectively. The CL-20 coated with poly (dopamine) (PDA), named CL-20@PDA, was prepared by immersing the e-CL20 crystals (75-150 mm) in a freshly prepared dopamine solution and undergoing dopamine in-situ polymerization, referring to the literature report [22]. Before the experiment, samples were stored in a desiccator containing silica gel desiccant for testing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity and Phase Transition of Heated ϵ‐CL‐20 in Drop‐Weight Impact Test

Wen

et al. 2018

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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In order to understand the effect of polymorphic transformation on the impact sensitivity of heated hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and its composite, the polymorphic transition of CL-20 crystal under heat stimulation was investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and microscopic methods. The effects of particle size and PDA coating on polymorphic transition of CL-20 were explored. The experiments showed that the polymorphic transition at 160 8C was related to the particle size and surroundings of CL-20 crystals. As the temperature increases, changes in the molecule conformation of larger crystals were more facili-tated than in smaller ones, the e!g solid-solid phase transitions went along thoroughly in larger crystals. Poly (dopamine) (PDA) coating played a key role in the significant inhibition of phase transition owing to the restriction effect via its compact and rigid shell. The lower pressure caused by drop-weight impact can facilitate the e!g phase transition of heated CL-20. This investigation contributes to comprehend the polymorphic transformation mechanism of CL-20 and provides guidance for effective control on the CL-20 polymorphs in CL-20-based composites.

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Core–Shell Structured Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation and Fundamental Properties

Hussain

et al. 2020

Advanced Materials

181

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Energetic materials, including explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants, are widely used in mining, demolition, automobile airbags, fireworks, ordnance, and space technology. Nanoenergetic materials (nEMs) have a high reaction rate and high energy density, which are both adjustable to a large extent. Structural control over nEMs to achieve improved performance and multifunctionality leads to a fascinating research area, namely, nanostructured energetic materials. Among them, core–shell structured nEMs have gained considerable attention due to their improved material properties and combined multiple functionalities. Various nEMs with core–shell structures have been developed through diverse synthesis routes, among which core–shell structured nEMs associated with explosives and metastable intermolecular composites (MICs) are extensively studied due to their good tunability and wide applications, as well as excellent energetic (e.g., enhanced heat release and combustion) and/or mechanical properties. Herein, the preparation methods and fundamental properties of the abovementioned kinds of core–shell structured nEMs are summarized and the reasons behind the satisfactory performance clarified, based on which suggestions regarding possible future research directions are proposed.

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Mussel-inspired coating of energetic crystals: A compact core–shell structure with highly enhanced thermal stability

Cited by 108 publications

References 43 publications

Enhanced Crystal Stabilities of ε-CL-20 via Core-Shell Structured Energetic Composites

Enhanced Crystal Stabilities of ε-CL-20 via Core-Shell Structured Energetic Composites

Sensitivity and Phase Transition of Heated ϵ‐CL‐20 in Drop‐Weight Impact Test

Core–Shell Structured Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation and Fundamental Properties

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