Core–Shell Structured Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation and Fundamental Properties

Abstract

Energetic materials, including explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants, are widely used in mining, demolition, automobile airbags, fireworks, ordnance, and space technology. Nanoenergetic materials (nEMs) have a high reaction rate and high energy density, which are both adjustable to a large extent. Structural control over nEMs to achieve improved performance and multifunctionality leads to a fascinating research area, namely, nanostructured energetic materials. Among them, core–shell structured nEMs have gained considerable attention due to their improved material properties and combined multiple functionalities. Various nEMs with core–shell structures have been developed through diverse synthesis routes, among which core–shell structured nEMs associated with explosives and metastable intermolecular composites (MICs) are extensively studied due to their good tunability and wide applications, as well as excellent energetic (e.g., enhanced heat release and combustion) and/or mechanical properties. Herein, the preparation methods and fundamental properties of the abovementioned kinds of core–shell structured nEMs are summarized and the reasons behind the satisfactory performance clarified, based on which suggestions regarding possible future research directions are proposed.

The Art of Framework Construction: Core–Shell Structured Micro-Energetic Materials

“… Schematic illustrations of four fabrication methods for CSEs: ( a ) water suspension method; ( b ) in situ polymerization method; ( c ) emulsion technique; ( d ) crystallization coating technique. ( a ) Reproduced with permission from [ 17 ], copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. ( b ) Reproduced with permission from [ 33 ], copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry.…”

“…As an important branch of coating, the design and preparation of core–shell structures have attracted much attention recently due to their potential applications [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Over the last decade, the number of publications and citations in terms of core–shell structured explosives (CSEs) has increased significantly, as shown in Figure 1 .…”

Effect of Metal Nanopowders on the Performance of Solid Rocket Propellants: A Review

“… Schematic of core–shell structured nEMs advantages. Reproduced from [ 24 ], with permission from Wiley, 2020. …”

Cobalt Phosphide Cocatalysts Coated with Porous N‐doped Carbon Layers for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

“…The encapsulated structure can not only effectively tune the catalytic features of nanoparticles but also stabilize the core catalyst to avoid deactivation [45,47] . Moreover, for CO 2 photoreduction catalysis, the porous nanoshells may afford a large surface area and even confinement effect to strengthen CO 2 capture and activation, while prevent the nanoparticles from direct contact with H 2 O molecules to catalyze H 2 evolution reaction, thus enhancing the selectivity for CO 2 reduction [48–51] …”