Mussaenin A Isolated From Mussaenda glabrata Induces Apoptosis in the Liver Cancer Cells Via Mitochondrial Pathway

Abstract

Plants belonging to Rubiaceae family have been used in Chinese folk medicine and Ayurveda. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Mussaenin A isolated from root of Mussaenda glabrata on liver cancer cell line, Hep G2. MTT assay was performed to check the ability of Mussaenin A to induce death in cancerous Hep G2 cells and normal NIH3T3 cells. Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide staining, Hoechst staining and DNA fragmentation assays were used to confirm the apoptosis inducing ability of MA on Hep G2 cells. RT-PCR and western blotting was performed to check the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors. Calorimetric assay was done to check caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities. Mussaenin A at lower concentrations was found to induce cell death selectively in the liver cancer cells (IC50 = 11.38 µg/mL). The transcriptional expression studies of the pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Cox-2; and the western blot analysis of pro-apoptotic BAK and BAD showed that MA upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic factors and down regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic factors in Hep G2 cells. Caspase-9 and 3 activities were found to be upregulated in the calorimetric studies. The down regulation of anti-apoptotic factors and upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors show that the Mussaenin A induced apoptosis in the liver cancer cells via the intrinsic or the mitochondrial pathway.

In vitro anti-inflammatory, in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation of oleanane-type triterpenes from aerial parts of Mussaenda recurvata

“…Determination of NO production and cell viability assay were performed using the same method described in our previous report. 30 Briefly, RAW 264.7 cells were cultured in the Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with l -glutamine (2 mM), HEPES (10 mM), sodium pyruvate (1 mM), and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were seeded in 96-well culture plates with 2 × 10 5 cells per well and incubated for 3 days at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 .…”

“…[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] These compounds also have various pharmaceutical properties as antioxidants, anticancer, anti-inammatory, anticonvulsant, and thrombolytic agents. 15,[28][29][30][31] Some members of this genus (M. pubescens, M. glabrata, M. parviora, M. shikokiana, and M. pilosissima) have been thoroughly investigated. However, little is known about the chemical and biological data of Mussaenda recurvata Naiki, Tagane, and Yahara.…”

In vitro and in silico docking and molecular dynamic of antimicrobial activities, alpha-glucosidase, and anti-inflammatory activity of compounds from the aerial parts of Mussaenda saigonensis

“…[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Mussaenda plants have been found to have a variety of medicinal qualities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inammatory effects. [15][16][17][18][19] There are two native species in Vietnam: Mussaenda recurvata and Mussaenda saigonensis. 20 M. recurvata is thought to be a good source of anti-inammatory chemicals.…”