Muse cells and Neurorestoratology

Abstract

Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells were discovered in 2010 as a subpopulation of mesenchymal stroma cells (MSCs). Muse cells can self-renew and tolerate severe culturing conditions. These cells can differentiate into three lineage cells spontaneously or in induced medium but do not form teratoma in vitro or in vivo. Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), cerebral infarction, and spinal cord injury are normally disastrous. Despite numerous therapy strategies, CNS diseases are difficult to recover. As a novel kind of pluripotent stem cells, Muse cells have shown great regeneration capacity in many animal models, including acute myocardial infarction, hepatectomy, and acute cerebral ischemia (ACI). After injection into injury sites, Muse cells survived, migrated, and differentiated into functional neurons with synaptic junctions to local neurons and contributed to recovery of function. Furthermore, Muse cell differentiation did not need to be induced pre-transplantation and no tumors were observed post- transplantation. The Muse cell population is promising and may lead to a revolution in regenerative medicine. This review focuses on recent advances regarding the Muse cells therapies in Neurorestoratology and discusses future perspectives in this field.

Technological Advances of 3D Scaffold-Based Stem Cell/Exosome Therapy in Tissues and Organs

“…The SCs can restrict secondary injury, reduce inflammation, and secrete paracrine factors to protect surviving neurons. SCs also facilitate axon regeneration, and differentiate into new neurons to replace injured neurons in spinal cord injury (SCI) ( Leng et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Feng et al, 2021 ). The results of a phase I clinical trial conducted by Mendonça et al ( Mendonça et al, 2014 ) showed that administration of BMSCs improved behavioral scores, electromyography, and somatosensory evoked potentials.…”

New Insight of Circular RNAs' Roles in Central Nervous System Post-Traumatic Injury

“…Central nervous system (CNS) post-traumatic injury often leads to persistent neurological damage and devastating consequences, but there is still a lack of effective methods for its treatment (Leng et al, 2019 ; Tsujioka and Yamashita, 2019 ). It includes traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) and is one of the world's major disease burdens (Warnock et al, 2020 ).…”

Quantitative Analysis of SSEA3+ Cells from Human Umbilical Cord after Magnetic Sorting

“…Muse cells migrate to tissues that express sphingosine-1 4 , integrate into damaged tissues in vivo when administered intravenously 5,6 , differentiate into specific cells needed to repair tissues, and survive over 6 months in animals 7,8 . Muse cells stimulate tissue regeneration and restore functions in many animal models of diseases, e.g., liver diseases 1,3,[8][9][10][11] , stroke 7,[12][13][14] , muscle regeneration 1,15,16 , skin regeneration 1,3,8,13,17 , malignant glioma 18 , and myocardial infarction 4,11,19 . No tumors have been reported after in vivo transplantation of Muse cells into animals 5,8,20 .…”