Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones

Firth, E. C.; Rogers, Chris W.; Doube, Michael; N, Jopson

doi:10.1080/00480169.2005.36487

Cited by 81 publications

(82 citation statements)

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“…The results, derived from examining the radius and tibia (16), as well as studies on adult rats (12), confirm that increased strains induce an increase in bone periosteal and endocortical circumferences, and total bone and trabecular areas. However, they do not affect an increase in cortical thickness and cortical area (8,16,22). This phenomenon can be explained by no significant differences regarding the cortical thickness between pastern bones of W and C horses, whose proximal phalanges are subjected to other forces and strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…In the recent years, most research on the limb long bones in horses has been conducted mainly to determine the influence of physical exercise, sex, age, and diet on bone parameters, particularly densitometric parametres (8,9,16,17,21). According to the authors' knowledge, no research has been yet conducted analysing the correlation between the densitometric and geometric parameters of proximal phalanges and morphological type of horses.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the Proximal Phalanx Parameters in Warmblood and Coldblood Horses with the Use of Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Dzierzęcka

Charuta

2012

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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The aim of the study was to compare densitometric and geometric parameters of the proximal phalanges in forelimbs of Warmblood and Coldblood horses, at 15%, 50%, and 85% of the bone proximal length. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to analyse the structure of phalanges. The following parameters were determined: bone mineral content, volumetric bone mineral density, total bone area, trabecular area, cortical area, cortical thickness, periosteal circumference, endocortical circumference, and strength strain index. The most significant differences between pastern bones in thoracic limbs of the horses were visible in the proximal and distal metaphyseal parts, for instance. at 15% and 85% of the bone length, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that at 15% of the bone length, total bone area, trabecular area, periosteal circumference, and endocortical circumference were significantly higher in Warmblood horses. At the mid-shaft, volumetric bone mineral density and endocortical circumference were significantly higher in Coldblood horses. At 85% of the bone length, volumetric bone mineral density, total bone area, trabecular area, periosteal circumference, and endocortical circumference were significantly higher in Coldblood horses..

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Proximal Phalanx Parameters in Warmblood and Coldblood Horses with the Use of Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Dzierzęcka

Charuta

2012

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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“…Subchondral bone at the distal condyle has a high bone volume fraction, particularly in those portions that directly underlie the medial and lateral condyles (Yoshihara, Kaneko, Oikawa, Wada and Tomioka 1989;Firth, Rogers, Doube and Jopson 2005). The epiphyseal trabeculae are arranged as plates in the sagittal plane, which are joined by short transverse struts.…”

Section: 2 3 Bone Structural Organisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcified tissue structure in the distal condyle of the third metacarpal bone in young Thoroughbred horses

Doube¹

2017

Preprint

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Aims: To determine improvements in third metacarpal (Mc3) condylar microanatomy attributable to preconditioning exercise. To investigate developmental causes of Mc3 condylar fracture.Methods: Twelve Thoroughbred horses were raised at pasture; six received preconditioning exercise from 10 days. Calcein labels were administered 19 and 11 days prior to euthanasia at 18 months. Six horses also received 2 seasons of race-training and were euthanised at 3 years. Slices were taken from the distal Mc3 condyle in the frontal and dorsal-and palmar-oblique frontal planes, scanned with DXA and macerated (frontal slices) or embedded in PMMA (oblique slices).Articular calcified cartilage (ACC) and subchondral bone (SCB) in oblique slices were imaged using confocal scanning light microscopy and quantitative backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy. ACC and SCB in the palmar slice lateral parasagittal grooves were imaged using µCT and nanoindentation tested. Results: Characteristic spatial variations in ACC and SCB histomorphometric parameters were present, none of which was significantly related to preconditioning exercise. Thickened, aberrantly mineralised ACC was found in 13/24 parasagittal grooves in the palmar slices and on the sagittal ridge of 4/12 dorsal slices of 18-month-old horses. Deep to thickened ACC, SCB had an open marrow structure, having not adopted the buttress morphology of the normal SCB plate. SCB in 3-year-old horses had incorporated early ACC defects as notches in parasagittal grooves and a hyaline cartilage island in a sagittal ridge. ACC was less stiff and SCB more stiff in affected than unaffected parasagittal grooves. Chondroclastic resorption in the parasagittal groove may be retarded as early as 3-6 months, possibly due to localised inhibition of Dr Naomi Boxall has guided me through the PhD experience; as one of the several PhD students 5 Attribution I knew while an undergraduate at Massey University she gave me insight into coping with the varied challenges that postgraduate study entails. Naomi also helped correct my sometimes dubious spelling, grammar and punctuation while preparing documents for submission. Jen Swindlehurst provided a number of images of equine metacarpals from her own studies that I was kindly allowed to use in my presentations. Jen's work also (conveniently) supported my own, and it was nice to have a colleague who was so intimately familiar with the problem of condylar fracture. Several of Professor

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“…Similar to earlier in vitro bone studies discussed earlier, these studies reduced confounding by restriction or matching to gender, breed and age (Boyde and Firth 2005, Davies 2005, Davies 2006, Anthenill, Gardner et al 2010. It is therefore not unreasonable to assume that the increased exposure to exercise would be directly proportional to increased bone modelling, in particular towards the region of highest strain (McCarthy and Jeffcott 1992, Carstanjen, Lepage et al 2003, Hiney, Nielsen et al 2004, Firth, Rogers et al 2005b). However, the strain stimulus is reduced as bone mass increases and improves fatigue life.…”

Section: Adaptation Through Bone Modellingmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…While there is a large body of literature investigating the effect of increasing exercise intensity on bone modelling and remodelling (Estberg, Stover et al 1996a, Estberg, Gardner et al 1998a, Riggs, Whitehouse et al 1999b, Parkin, Clegg et al 2004c, Firth, Rogers et al 2005b, there is paucity in the literature which examine the effect of rest periods in the racehorse skeleton (Carrier, Estberg et al 1998, Firth, Rogers et al 2007. Understanding the role of rest periods and withdrawal from high strain exercise will benefit the understanding of appropriate re-introduction of racehorses back to full race training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fracture incidence rates and the association of rest with bone remodelling in Thoroughbred racehorses at the Hong Kong Jockey Club

Sun¹

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Fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses are an omnipresent welfare issue. Previous studies have often failed to adequately address the issue of fractures in racing and training because of the limitations associated with record keeping. Racehorses being rested from intensive exercise are also at greater risk of fracture on re-introduction to high intensity work. This thesis aims to accurately report first event fractures and determine racing and training fracture incidence rates in the highly controlled Thoroughbred racehorse population at the Hong Kong Jockey Club (HKJC) and to identify differences in bone remodelling (as defined in this thesis) between racehorses, which have been rested compared to horses in current high intensity exercise. Hong Kong to date of fracture, retirement, or end of the study period, whichever was first. Incidence rates for racing were expressed as catastrophic or non-catastrophic fracture events per 1000 race starts (Chapter Three). Training incidence rates were expressed as catastrophic or non-catastrophic fracture events per 10,000 horse days at risk (Chapter Four). The incidence rate for catastrophic fractures during racing was 0.6 per 1000 race starts (95% CI 0.4 -0.8) and for non-catastrophic fractures it was 2.2 per 1000 race starts (95% CI 1.8 -2.6). The incidence rate for catastrophic fractures in training was 0.08 per 10,000 horse days at risk (95% CI 0.05 -0.11), and for non-catastrophic fractures was 0.85 per 10,000 horse days at risk (95% CI 0.75 -0.96). The incidence rate of catastrophic racing fractures at the HKJC were lower when compared to the results of studies conducted in the UnitedStates (Estberg, Stover et al. 1996b) and higher than in the United Kingdom (Parkin, Clegg et al. In another study, bones were obtained post-mortem from horses in Exercised (n = 6) and Rested (n = 6) Groups who died for reasons unrelated to fracture or the fracture study. Exercised horses had been euthanized within seven days of high intensity exercise while Rested horses had been retired for one to four months and whose work level was much reduced before retirement. Six bone blocks were cut from each horse at the following locations; right third metacarpal bone (MCIII) where samples were collected from the mid-diaphysis, distal lateral metaphysis and medial condyle; right third metatarsal bone (MTIII) where a sample was collected from the lateral condyle; distal left tibia, and middiaphysis of the left tenth rib. Each bone block was cut to 250 µm thick specimens using a diamond 3 annular saw. Microradiographs were obtained using point projection digital microradiography (Faxitron) and analysed to identify radiolucent spaces indicative of recently formed resorption canals as a proxy for active bone remodelling. This study identified that resorption canals of all sections from MCIII and the tibia were significantly greater in the Rested Group compared with the Exercised Group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the resorption canal density of the rib between the two g...

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Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones

Abstract: Bone responded rapidly to early training. The data provide reference values and sites for use in longitudinal studies of commercial training regimens.

Cited by 81 publications

References 31 publications

Comparison of the Proximal Phalanx Parameters in Warmblood and Coldblood Horses with the Use of Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Comparison of the Proximal Phalanx Parameters in Warmblood and Coldblood Horses with the Use of Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Calcified tissue structure in the distal condyle of the third metacarpal bone in young Thoroughbred horses

Fracture incidence rates and the association of rest with bone remodelling in Thoroughbred racehorses at the Hong Kong Jockey Club

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