Mumps vaccination coverage and vaccine effectiveness in a large outbreak among college students—Iowa, 2006

Estimates of Mumps Seroprevalence May Be Influenced by Antibody Specificity and Serologic Method

“…From 1994 to 2005, it appeared as if mumps would be effectively eliminated from the United States. However, two outbreaks occurred during 2006 to 2007 and 2009 to 2010 that together affected over 8,000 individuals, most of whom had previously received two doses of the MMR vaccine (1)(2)(3)(4). Mumps outbreaks among two-dose vaccine recipients are not unique to the United States or to the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain (the only licensed mumps vaccine in the United States).…”

“…The consequences of less-thanoptimal vaccine effectiveness could be compounded by incomplete vaccination coverage, waning immunity, and a lack of asymptomatic natural boosting due to substantially reduced endemic disease. A common element in some recent outbreaks has been the presence of environmental conditions that foster frequent, high-intensity exposures, such as those found in dormitories (4,19,20). In light of these observations, it has been suggested that protection against classic mumps symptoms may not be an all-or-none phenomenon but may be a continuum that is a function of the amount of virus an individual is exposed to and their personal level of immunity (19,20).…”

Environmental factors potentially associated with mumps transmission in Yeshivas during a mumps outbreak among highly vaccinated students: Brooklyn, New York, 2009–2010

“…2 Despite high two-dose MMR vaccine coverage, the average yeshiva attack rate was 14.5% which was 10% higher than the 4.6% attack rate among two-dose vaccinated college students living in affected dormitories in the 2006 US mumps outbreak, 20 and almost as high as attack rates during the one-dose era. 21 Although it is possible that lesser-vaccinated grades seeded the outbreak (3 [8%] grades had two-dose MMR coverage < 90%), none of these had the highest grade-level attack rates, nor were they in yeshivas with the highest attack rates.…”

Outbreak-related mumps vaccine effectiveness among a cohort of children and of young adults in Germany 2011

“…Several industrialized countries with long-standing 2-dose vaccination programs have recently reported larger-scale outbreaks, among them the United States (US), [13][14][15] the Netherlands, 16,17 the United Kingdom, 4 the Czech Republic, 18 Israel, 19,20 and Canada. 21 These outbreaks had in common that they predominantly affected adolescents and young adults, and that a high proportion of cases were 2-times vaccinated.…”