“…The deposited material has to be electrically conductive to sustain the growth after initial oxidation/reduction of the target species on the electrode. Although this issue prohibits fabrication of insulators by this method, a large variety of materials such as metals (Zeng, 2000;Davydov, 1999;Iwasaki, 1999;Ferre, 1997;Li, 2001;Haddon, 2002), alloys (Saedi, 2005, semiconductors (Ferain, 1993), superconductors (Sloan, 2002), and conducting polymers (Wang, 1998) can be deposited electrochemically. Electrochemical deposition, in general, is performed by application of an electrical field to a solution containing the ions of a target species.…”