Multivariate and Spatial Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters in an Irrigation District, Chihuahua, Mexico

Abstract

Water quality is relevant due to the complexity of the interaction of physicochemical and biological parameters. The Irrigation District 005 (ID005) is one of the most important agricultural region in Chihuahua, México; for that reason, it was proposed to investigate the water quality of the site. Water samples were collected in two periods: Summer (S1) and Fall (S2). The samples were taken from 65 wells in S1, and 54 wells in S2. Physicochemical parameters (PhP) such as Arsenic (As), Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Oxide Reduction Potential (ORP), Hardness, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Turbidity were analyzed. The data were subjected to statistical principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and spatial variability tests. In both seasons, the TDS exceeded the Mexican maximum permissible level (MPL) (35% S1, 39% S2). Turbidity exceeded the MPL in S1 (29%) and in S2 (12%). Arsenic was above the MPL for water of agricultural use in 9% (S1) and 13% (S2) of the wells. The PCA results suggested that most variations in water quality in S1 were due to As, pH and Temperature, followed by EC, TDS and Hardness; while in S2 to EC, TDS and Hardness, followed by As and pH.

A Multivariate Geomorphometric Approach to Prioritize Erosion-Prone Watersheds

“…The inclusion of several geomorphometric parameters and their relationships within several connected watersheds enriched the study of their erosion susceptibility. In this sense, multivariate techniques have proved to be appropriate methods for establishing priorities, reducing the dimensionality of the dataset by losing the least amount of information [76].…”

Groundwater Contamination, Subsurface Processes, and Remediation Methods: Overview of the Special Issue of Water on Groundwater Contamination and Remediation

“…Under the heading of natural sources, Vera et al [5] focus on arsenate, and Haluska et al [6] address sulfate-whose source can be natural or anthropogenic. Most of the studies considered anthropogenic sources, with Beretta et al [7] and Haluska et al [6] addressing the industrial additive and known carcinogen hexavalent chromium, Plymale et al [8] focusing on the toxic salt ferrocyanide, Haluska et al [6] measuring the organic contaminants 1,4-dioxane and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (RDX), Prieto-Amparán et al [9] studying sewage effluent, and Wells et al [10] tracking the fertilizer-derived anion nitrate. As a particular subset of anthropogenic contaminants, two studies discuss emerging contaminants, particularly related to hydrocarbon resources, as Hu et al [11] study oil shale development, while Ning et al [12] focus on petroleum contamination.…”

“…Regarding methods to identify the concentration and extent of contaminant plumes, two studies present methods applicable to individual wells, specifically Haluska et al [6] who consider passive flux meters for measuring a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants, and Vera et al [5] who discuss polymer inclusion membranes for measuring arsenate. Two other studies present methods for regional groundwater analysis, including Wells et al [10] who highlight the application of groundwater isotopes, age-dating, and monitoring to identify nitrate plumes in an agricultural region and Prieto-Amparán et al [9] who present a multivariate and spatial analysis to map sewage contamination. Taken together, these four studies minimize uncertainty, and therefore address a fundamental challenge in groundwater remediation.…”

Assessment of Spatial and Vertical Variability of Water Quality: Case Study of a Polymictic Polish Lake

“…Thus, various water quality indicators including physical, chemical, and biological properties are widely used in water quality monitoring [16][17][18]. Among them, statistical [19,20], mathematical [21,22], and remote sensing [23][24][25] are most popular.…”