Multivariate Analysis of Mandible in the Ryukyu Wild Pig (Sus scrofa riukiuanus).

Endo, Hideki; Kurohmaru, Masamichi; Hayashi, Yoshihiro; Ohsako, Seiichiroh; Matsumoto, Mitsuharu; Nishinakagawa, Hayao; Yamamoto, Hideyasu; Kurosawa, Yaetsu; Tanaka, Kazue

doi:10.1292/jvms.60.731

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The present results have shown that Sus from Tokunoshima and Ishigaki seem to have the largest mandibles of the Ryukyu wild boar Table 4 The mean value (mm) and standard error (SE) of measurements of age stage IV-V mandible from different localities populations, and the size of Sus in Amami, Okinawa, and Iriomote were relatively similar, indicating no clear size cline among the populations. This is consistent with Endo et al (1998a) who concluded that there were no size clines among the Sus populations of Nansei Islands and suggested that the populations in Tokunoshima and Okinawa may be different from those in Amami, Kakeroma, Ishigaki and Iriomote in skull proportion. However, a different phenomenon was observed through the result of LSI.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The situation of Sus in Kakeroma and Tokunoshima was questionable with their size and shape being more similar to Okinawa than those in Amami despite their geographical locations. Endo et al (1998a) also reported that the morphological characteristics of wild boars in Tokunoshima and Okinawa were similar, based on the second component of principal component analysis. In the present study, both Tokunoshima and Kakeroma populations exhibited a high percentage of convex bases in mandibles, commonly observed in domestic breeds (Anezaki, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Sex and age determinations were based on Duerst (1926), Hayashi (1975), von den Driesch (1976), Hayashi et al (1977), and Anezaki (2009). Measurements were taken on the mandible and lower teeth based on von den Driesch (1976), Endo et al (1994Endo et al ( , 1998aEndo et al ( , b, 2002, and Anezaki (2007). Eleven measurements of mandibles and twelve measurements of lower teeth were taken with a digital caliper ( Table 2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ryukyu wild boars show a large geographic variability in their size and also in their morphology. Morphological and genetic studies on different populations of Ryukyu wild boar have been published (Hayashida, 1960 ;Senba, 1964 ;Imaizumi, 1973 ;Hayashi, 1975 ;Kawashima et al, 1982 ;Hayashi et al, 1983 ;Kurosawa et al, 1986 ;Kurosawa and Tanaka, 1988 ;Endo et al, 1994Endo et al, , 1998aEndo et al, , b, 2000Endo et al, , 2002Watanobe et al, 1999 ;Takahashi et al, 2012). These studies demonstrated that the body size of Ryukyu wild boars is small compared to the Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax), the subspecies distributed in mainland Japan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Size and shape variation of mandible and mandibular teeth in the Ryukyu wild boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus)

智子¹,

一美²,

弥悦³

2013

The Quat. Res.

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The morphological variations between different populations of modern Ryukyu wild boar found on Amami, Kakeroma, Tokunoshima, Okinawa, Ishigaki, and Iriomote islands are investigated in this study. The size of mandibles and length of M3 in males and females of age groups IV-V were compared. Then the bucco-lingual measurements of P3, P4, M1 and M2 were compared to the corresponding dimensions of a standard population using logarithmic ratio technique (LSI). Seven non-metrical characters of the mandible were compared between the populations. As a result, a different pattern was observed between mandibles and teeth. This was apparent especially in Ishigaki, where the size of mandibles of Sus was large compared to Amami, Okinawa, and Iriomote populations, but the size of teeth was small. The pattern of non-metrical characters was similar between Ishigaki, Iriomote, and Kyushu populations, with relatively high proportion of P1 and lost heptapreconulid ; Amami, Okinawa and Honshu populations comprised another group, with lost P1 and lost heptapreconulid. Based on the result of non-metrical analyses and size of teeth in the present study, the morphological characteristics of Sus from Tokunoshima and Okinawa were similar to Kakeroma and Amami and not to Ishigaki and Iriomote. Furthermore, the morphological characteristics of Sus from Tokunoshima and Kakeroma were more similar to Okinawa than to Amami in the base shape of the mandible and the relatively high proportion of the presence of a notch. The situation of Sus in Amami, with their size and shape differing the most from other modern Ryukyu wild boars, would appear to be the result of the island rule or the decline in body size exhibited by insular populations of artiodactyls compared with their mainland relatives. The Sus in Amami may have been separated for a longer period of time than other Ryukyu wild boars in the Nansei islands. The situation of Sus in Kakeroma and Tokunoshima was questionable since they had sizes and shapes more similar to Okinawa than to Amami despite their geographical locations. The study suggests a possibility of human interference in some of the islands where the wild boars live today. The present study has shown that by using the log ratio technique and non-metrical characteristics, it is possible to gain insight on the size and morphological variations of Ryukyu wild boars even for islands with only a small sample size.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Size and shape variation of mandible and mandibular teeth in the Ryukyu wild boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus)

智子¹,

一美²,

弥悦³

2013

The Quat. Res.

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“…This result is not consistent with the suggestions [22] that the dwarfism is confirmed in some island populations of Tragulus napu, and that the isolation effect is not obviously seen in Tragulus javanicus. From these results, we suggest that Tragulus javanicus becomes larger in islands like smaller rodents, whereas the Tragulus napu is smaller like other large artiodactyls [7,8,11,22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Geographical Variation of the Skull of the Lesser Mouse Deer

Endo

Fukuta

Kimura

et al. 2004

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. We examined the geographical variation of the skull size and shape of the lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) from Laos, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Langkawi and some Islands of Tenasserim in Myanmar. Although the influence of the climatic condition on skull size was not confirmed in the mainland populations, the skull became rostro-caudally longer in the populations of Tenasserim and Sumatra because of island isolation effect. The skull size was classified into the following thre e clusters of localities from the matrix of Q-mode correlation coefficients: 1) Langkawi and Tenasserim, 2) Laos and Thailand, 3) Sumatra and Borneo. The skulls in the population of Java belong to the cluster of Langkawi and Tenasserim in male, however were morphologic ally similar to those in the cluster of Borneo and Sumatra. The canonical discriminant analysis pointed out that the Laos and Tenasserim populations were separated from the other ones and that the populations of Sumatra, Java and Borneo were intermingled each other.

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Pig exploitation in the southern Kanto region, Japan

Anezaki

2006

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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This study investigates changes in past human and animal relationships by focusing on pig (Sus scrofa) remains excavated from archaeological sites in southern Kanto, Japan. Pigs and humans have had a close relationship since prehistoric times and the process of change in this relationship, including possible domestication, is one of the major issues in Japanese zooarchaeology. This study attempts to gain a better understanding of the nature of past interaction between humans and pigs by investigating their relative importance compared with other vertebrate remains, kill-off patterns, and changes in their size and shape at these sites.The materials used for this study date from the Earliest to Final Jomon (ca. 10,000-2500 BP), Yayoi (ca. 2500-1700 BP) and Kofun (ca. 1700-1300 BP) periods. The relative proportions of pigs were calculated to show the overall trend of pig exploitation in each site. Age at death was obtained based on the state of tooth eruption. Bucco-lingual crown measurements were taken on the third and fourth premolars and on each cusp of the first and second molars of the mandible, and the logarithmic ratio technique was then applied to these data.The age structure of Sus varies between different sites in the Jomon Period, and significant changes were observed in the Yayoi and Kofun Periods. A decrease in the relative proportion of pigs in the faunal assemblages was observed from Jomon to Kofun. Three major differences were observed in the size of pigs. The overall size of pigs significantly increased from Early to Middle Jomon, whilst a decrease in size occurred in the Yayoi Period. Finally, overall size increased significantly during the Kofun Period. Together with the archaeological evidencesuch as the ritual burial of pigs accompanying human burial-we suggest that the interaction between pigs and humans became gradually stronger at some sites during the Late Jomon Period, and the relationship intensified in the Yayoi Period.

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Multivariate Analysis of Mandible in the Ryukyu Wild Pig (Sus scrofa riukiuanus).

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Size and shape variation of mandible and mandibular teeth in the Ryukyu wild boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus)

Size and shape variation of mandible and mandibular teeth in the Ryukyu wild boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus)

Geographical Variation of the Skull of the Lesser Mouse Deer

Pig exploitation in the southern Kanto region, Japan

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