Multivariant approach to optimize biodiesel extraction from neem oil using two-stage esterification process and its quality assessment

Process optimization for the production of biodiesel from Azolla Microphylla oil and its fuel characterization

“…The model's p-value was less than 0.0001, and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) values are estimated as 99.47, which shows the model's suitability. 43 The Perturbation plot compares the influence of various factors at a specific point in the design space. The FAME yield (response) was plotted by varying a single factor over its range while holding the other factors at constant midpoint value.…”

“…When comparing the results of different models (linear, interactive, quadratic, and cubic), it was discovered that the quadratic model combining linear, interactive, and quadratic terms had higherR 2 , modified R 2 , projected R 2 , and also small p-values when compared to other models using Design-Expert tools. 43 Multiple regression models were used to break down the experimental data on FAME yield into 2 nd degree polynomial equations related to estimations of denominated and undenominated levels of response boundaries for coded variables, as follows: FAME (unsaturated fatty methyl ester content) is a term used to describe the amount of unsaturated fatty methyl ester (wt. percent).…”

“…However, increasing the methanol to Azolla oil molar proportion further, had no serious effect on the FAME yield. 43…”

“…RSM is a methodology widely used for assuming the optimal values of independent factors for the best responses by using low-order polynomial equations in a fixed range of variables. [43][44][45] The researches that influence various transesterification process parameters on Azolla oil to maximise biodiesel yield has not been widely published.…”

“…The main aim of this experimental study is to investigate the feasibility of using biodiesel produced from Azolla collected from India's southwest coast district Kanyakumari as well as to figure out the process parameters that are significant in using ultrasonic energy in the transesterification process. The transesterification process parameters identified are then optimised using RSM for Methanol/oil ratio Azolla 18,21,41,42 Neem oil 43 Waste Vegetable oil 44 Palm oil 44 linseed oil 44 mahua oil 44 2 Reaction temperature Azolla 18,21,41,42 Waste Vegetable oil 44 Palm oil 44 linseed oil 44 mahua oil 44 3 Reaction time Azolla 18,21,42 Neem oil 43 Waste Vegetable oil 44 Palm oil 44 linseed oil 44 mahua oil 44 4 Catalyst concentration Azolla 18,[20][21][22]41,42 Neem oil 43 Waste Vegetable oil 44 Palm oil 44 linseed oil 44 mahua oil 44 5 Stirring rate Palm oil 44 linseed oil 44 maximum yield of biodiesel from Azolla oil feedstock. This biodiesel obtained is made to undergo series of standard test procedures so as to ascertain its excellence for further usage in conventional diesel engines.…”