The failure to address the bio-medical wastes, has led the health domain into a place where a patient who has just undergone a treatment and treated successfully, to still be prone to many diseases which he hasn't faced at all. The patient can grow immunity to a disease that he was cured of. But, that very same patient, in no case can build a resistant power to resist diseases, if his surrounding is not infective free. The improper management of biomedical wastes have not only affected the patients inside the clinical establishments, but also the people who have no contact with the clinical establishments at all. In this scenario, proper sanitation practices must be adopted and biomedical wastes should be managed for a disease free and hygienic clinical surrounding. This review focuses on the need for biomedical waste management in clinical establishments, emphasizes the possible sources of bio-wastes, methods and technologies for combating and minimizing bio-hazards arising from biowastes and finally outlines the overall process of biomedical waste management.
The most competent and operative use of renewable feedstock is super critical for the production of biodiesel which has increased attention worldwide pertaining to aquatic fern Azolla. Maximizing the biodiesel yield by optimizing the process parameters of the low-frequency ultrasonic energy-assisted transesterification process of Azolla oil is the need of the hour for minimizing the production cost of biodiesel. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to find the best optimum reaction parameters for this transesterification process. The optimized reaction parameters arrived from the design of experiments were as following: methanol/Azolla oils molar ratio (A) = 6.49 mole/mole, KOH catalyst concentration (B) = 1.69 (weight% of oil), reactiion time (C) = 34.74 min and reaction temperature (D) = 38.87°C. The best higher theoretical predicted Azolla Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) yield was Y = 99.76% which is in well coincidence with the actual yield. The extracted Azolla biodiesel was tested for various fuel properties with standard test procedures and found to be in agreement with various Biodiesel standards and the results are promising in terms of utilizing Azolla oil as an inexhaustible and potentially economical source of biodiesel.
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