Multitechnique characterisation of 304L surface states oxidised at high temperature in steam and air atmospheres

Mamede, Anne-Sophie; Nuns, Nicolás; Cristol, Anne-Lise; Cantrel, Laurent; Souvi, Sidi; Cristol, Sylvain; Paul, Jean‐François

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.185

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Under steam atmosphere, the main component Mn 2p 3/2 can be decomposed following the multiplet splittings of oxidic Mn 2+ and Mn 3+ [12] [17], indicating the presence of both Mn 2+ and Mn 3+ in their oxide forms as MnO and Mn 2 O 3 , respectively (Figure 2b) whereas under air atmosphere, manganese is only present as Mn 2+ as MnO. XPS reveals that exposure to steam atmosphere leads to a Mn enrichment of the surface, due to Cr evaporation (CrO 2 (OH) 2volatilisation), with a more effective oxidation of Mn, in good agreement with our previous study[12].…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

“…The 304L stainless steel is one the main materials used in the RCS piping (particularly the primary loop hot leg and cold leg) [9]. Special attention was brought to the substrate and its preparation in order to obtain a surface state as similar as possible of RCS inner parts after several hours of oxidation in steam conditions [12]. The reason is that during the normal operation of a PWR and especially during a severe accident, the surface of the RCS evolves as a result of the chemical and physical environment (high-temperature, high-pressure liquid water containing hydrogen, boric acid, lithium hydroxide and radioactive corrosion products) [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gas mixture depends on the accident type and the delayed time after the beginning of the accident. The composition and the structure of the oxide layers (iron (III) oxide in low-temperature oxidation conditions and chromium (III) oxide at higher temperatures) formed during a severe accident have been discussed by Mamede et al [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combined ToF-SIMS and XPS characterization of 304L surface after interaction with caesium iodide under PWR severe accident conditions

Obada

Mamede

Nuns

et al. 2018

Applied Surface Science

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In case of a severe accident (SA) occurring in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) fission products (Cs, I) are released from the degraded fuel and transported through the reactor coolant system (RCS). A part is deposited onto surfaces of the RCS and can be subsequently chemically re-mobilized, in case the atmosphere composition changes. In order to improve our understanding on the re-mobilization processes, it is important to describe the interactions between deposited fission products and surfaces representative of RCS in SA conditions (mainly oxidized SS 304L) and to identify the species formed after remobilization. In this 2 study CsI aerosols were deposited on the surface of 304L coupons, which have been previously oxidized. The deposits were afterwards reheated (up to 750°C) in either air or steam. At every step, the 304L coupons were analysed by a combination of surface analysis techniques (XPS, ToF-SIMS), Raman spectroscopy and SEM. It has been established that the initial surface state of the 304L coupons (i.e. oxidation in air or steam) has no effect on the release of caesium or iodine. However, the composition of the carrier gas during the reheating phase influences significantly the release of caesium. Specifically, in air a significant amount of Cs remains on the coupon and forms mixed oxides with chromium, such as Cs 2 CrO 4 and Cs 2 Cr 2 O 7. The results are then discussed and compared with literature data.

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confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combined ToF-SIMS and XPS characterization of 304L surface after interaction with caesium iodide under PWR severe accident conditions

Obada

Mamede

Nuns

et al. 2018

Applied Surface Science

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“…During welding, the arc temperature is between 2500 • C and 3000 • C. The boiling temperatures of the transition metals Zn, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Cr are between 906 • C and 2730 • C and are lower than that of Fe (3000 • C). The hypothesis is that Fe species condense first to form the core of the particles and are followed by the condensation of Cr and Ni species, then by the more volatile Cu, Mn, and Zn species that will be preferably localized on the surface of the freshly formed particles, as observed during various metallurgical processing [88][89][90]. This causes Cu, Mn, and Zn compounds to likely be more PB-soluble and therefore better dissolved than Fe, Cr, and Ni.…”

Section: Pb Solubility Of Transition Metals In Wf Crmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphate Buffer Solubility and Oxidative Potential of Single Metals or Multielement Particles of Welding Fumes

et al. 2020

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To evaluate the chemical behavior and the health impact of welding fumes (WF), a complex and heterogeneous mixture of particulate metal oxides, two certified reference materials (CRMs) were tested: mild steel WF (MSWF-1) and stainless steel WF (SSWF-1). We determined their total chemical composition, their solubility, and their oxidative potential in a phosphate buffer (PB) solution under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 and 37 °C). The oxidative potential (OPDTT) of WF CRMs was evaluated using an acellular method by following the dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate (µmol DTT L−1 min−1). Pure metal salts present in the PB soluble fraction of the WF CRMs were tested individually at equivalent molarity to estimate their specific contribution to the total OPDTT. The metal composition of MSWF-1 consisted mainly of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu and the SSWF-1 composition consisted mainly of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn, in diminishing order. The metal PB solubility decreased from Cu (11%) to Fe (approximately 0.2%) for MSWF-1 and from Mn (9%) to Fe (<1%) for SSWF-1. The total OPDTT of SSWF-1 is 2.2 times the OPDTT of MSWF-1 due to the difference in oxidative capacity of soluble transition metals. Cu (II) and Mn (II) are the most sensitive towards DTT while Cr (VI), Fe (III), and Zn (II) are barely reactive, even at higher concentrations. The OPDTT measured for both WF CRMs extracts compare well with simulated extracts containing the main metals at their respective PB-soluble concentrations. The most soluble transition metals in the simulated extract, Mn (II) and Cu (II), were the main contributors to OPDTT in WF CRMs extracts. Mn (II), Cu (II), and Ni (II) might enhance the DTT oxidation by a redox catalytic reaction. However, summing the main individual soluble metal DTT response induces a large overestimation probably linked to modifications in the speciation of various metals when mixed. The complexation of metals with different ligands present in solution and the interaction between metals in the PB-soluble fraction are important phenomena that can influence OPDTT depletion and therefore the potential health effect of inhaled WF.

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“…Apart from the conventional techniques, recently, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) has also been used to examine the oxide layer on steel, for example to characterize the oxide layer on 316 L (Tardio et al, 2015), the micrometer thick oxide layer on 310 SS (Grinberg Dana et al, 2014), coated steel (Díaz et al, 2014), and the oxide layer on 304 L after exposure of steam (Mamede et al, 2016). These studies focused on the general chemical composition of the oxide layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth Profile Analysis of Thin Oxide Layers on Polycrystalline Fe–Cr

et al. 2020

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Surfaces of polycrystalline ferritic Fe–Cr steel with grain sizes of about 13 µm in diameter were investigated with surface sensitive techniques. Thin oxide layers, with a maximum thickness of about 100 nm, were grown by oxidation in air at temperatures up to 450°C and were subsequently characterized using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and atomic force microscopy. Correlative microscopy was applied, which allows for element-specific depth profiles on selected grains with a particular crystal orientation. A strong correlation between the grain orientation and the thickness of the oxide layer was found. The sequence in the oxidation growth rate of ferritic Fe–Cr steel crystal planes is found to be {011} > {111} > {001}, which is unexpectedly opposed to known Fe-based systems. Moreover, for the first time, the Cr/Fe ratio throughout the oxide layer has been determined per grain orientation. A clear order from high to low of {001} > {111} > {011} was detected.

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Multitechnique characterisation of 304L surface states oxidised at high temperature in steam and air atmospheres

Cited by 15 publications

References 37 publications

Combined ToF-SIMS and XPS characterization of 304L surface after interaction with caesium iodide under PWR severe accident conditions

Combined ToF-SIMS and XPS characterization of 304L surface after interaction with caesium iodide under PWR severe accident conditions

Phosphate Buffer Solubility and Oxidative Potential of Single Metals or Multielement Particles of Welding Fumes

Depth Profile Analysis of Thin Oxide Layers on Polycrystalline Fe–Cr

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