Multistep, Low-Temperature Pseudomorphic Transformations of Nanostructured Silica to Titania via a Titanium Oxyfluoride Intermediate

Abstract

Synthetic silica preforms with an inverse opal or three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) structure were converted to 3DOM TiOF 2 and subsequently to 3DOM TiO 2 by solidgas pseudomorphic transformation reactions, reactions which maintain the shape and structural features of the original material. 3DOM SiO 2 preforms with periodic arrays of macropores and hierarchical feature sizes (e.g., macropore separation 334 nm, average wall thickness 59 nm) were prepared by colloidal crystal templating. They were reacted with TiF 4 in sealed steel pipes at 190, 235, and 300 °C. At 190 °C no conversion took place, while at 300 °C the material was converted mostly to crystalline TiOF 2 with an irregular structure. However, at 235 °C the periodic macroporous structure of the preform was maintained with little change in average pore separation. In these samples, the initially smooth wall structure of 3DOM SiO 2 was largely replaced by interconnected TiOF 2 cubes with edge lengths of 133 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed sharp lines of TiOF 2 . The product exhibited opalescence similar to that of the preform, giving a visual confirmation of the success of the pseudomorphic transformation on an extended length scale. An analogous transformation was also investigated with spherical silica preforms. Different stages of transformation were observed by scanning electron microscopy, permitting a discussion of critical parameters in these conversions. The macroporous TiOF 2 product was subsequently converted to TiO 2 (anatase) by reaction with moist air at 300 °C. In this reaction, pseudomorphism was observed on the scale of tens of micrometers, on the submicrometer macropore scale, and on the scale of the cubic particles forming the wall skeleton. The sample was still composed of interconnected cubes with similar edge lengths, and the pore spacing was nearly maintained. XRD showed only TiO 2 anatase reflections. The synthetic paradigms demonstrated for the silica to anatase conversion may be transferable to other 2D or 3D material shapes within the applicable range of feature sizes.

Hexagonal and cubic TiOF2

“…A similar reaction process has been used to convert SiO 2 microspheres and three-dimensional ordered macroporous SiO 2 templates into TiOF 2 replicas (Shian & Sandhage, 2009;Lytle et al, 2004). However, room-temperature X-ray diffraction analyses of the TiOF 2 formed by such a TiF 4 (g)/SiO 2 (s) reaction yielded diffraction patterns that were not consistent with the cubic crystal structure reported by Vorres & Donohue.…”

Transformation of porous glasses into MCM-41 containing geometric bodies

“…In this regards, the pseudomorphic transformation is a powerful tool not only to introduce hierarchy into porous materials, but also to provide them with a certain macroscopic shape without the need for chemical binders or mechanical pressing [2,3]. The characteristic of a pseudomorphic transformation is at least the maintenance of the geometrical shape of the starting material and also of its original pore morphology [4]. In this way, a hierarchical pore system is created when only the pore walls of the starting material are transformed into a porous structure.…”

Layer-by-layer assembly of TiO2 colloids onto diatomite to build hierarchical porous materials

“…In particular, it was found that nanosized semiconducting TiO 2 crystals of less than 10 nm shown significant enhancement in photocatalytic reactivity, which can be attributed to the quantum size effect [1]. In order to optimize the performance of TiO 2 for a specific application, it is desirable to combine different levels of porosity into one hierarchical porous material [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In applications such as catalysis, where the diffusion of molecules through the pore structure is vital for optimum performance, a highly ramified network of macro-and mesopores is desired.…”