“…263,279,442 To date, various chemical treatments have been reported, using chemicals such as NaOH, 38,58,61,63,230,302,361,371,382,386,387,441,443–451 silane, 231,386,452–457 alkali and silane, 458,459 potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), 356–358,460 maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP), 58,305,356–358,375,461–466 stearic acid, 356–358,467 bleaching, 468 toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 355–358 sodium silicate, 417 UV radiation monomer grafting, 383,469,470 maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAgPP), 305,462,471,472 detergent washing, dewaxing, acetic acid treatment, 443 graft co-polymerization, 291,473–477 deposition of nano-SiO 2 (ref. 359 and 478) and other chemical treatments. 102,342,365,378,409,412,434,479–485 Table 7 shows the different chemicals used and the effect of various chemical surface treatment methods.…”