“…Several lines of research have been pursued to address this challenge. For instance, models of multiple continuum media [15,16,17], dual mesh approaches [18,19,20], upscaling [21,22,23,24] and model reduction [25,26,27,28] techniques have been developed to decrease the run-time of a single simulation. Also, various surrogate modeling techniques [29,30,31] emerged in order to reduce the cost of evaluating a large number of expensive numerical simulations.…”