Multiscale Characterization of Some Commercial Carbon Blacks and Diesel Engine Soot

Ferraro, Giovanni; Fratini, Emiliano; Rausa, R.; Fiaschi, Paolo

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01740

Cited by 35 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Both intrusive and non-intrusive diagnostics have been used for many years in laboratory flames at atmospheric pressure to study soot (Sorensen et al, 1992, Koylu, 1997, Hu et al, 2003, Fang et al, 1998, De Iuliis et al, 1998a, De Iuliis et al, 2011, Cortés et al, 2018, Ferraro et al, 2016. Laser diagnostics are favored for soot studies in flames due to their non-perturbing nature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Soot Parameters in an Ethane/Air Counterflow Diffusion Flame at Elevated Pressures

Amin

Roberts

2020

Combustion Science and Technology

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Soot emissions from diesel engines and gas turbines are influenced by the combustion environment. Pressure is one of the parameters which affects particulate emissions and these effects are poorly understood on soot parameters. In this work, pressurized counterflow diffusion flame of ethane and air has been investigated using two angle light scattering and extinction technique. A counterflow diffusion flame has been stabilized from 2 to 5 atm in a pressure vessel which can provide optical access from 10 to 165° in angular direction. Global strain rate (a) of 30 s-1 is maintained at all pressures by adjusting the inlet flows. Scattering measurements are performed at two angles (45° and 135°) and Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for Fractal Aggregates (RDG-FA) has been used to determine soot parameters from light scattering and extinction data. By combining the scattering at 135° with laser extinction measurements, path averaged soot volume fraction (fv), mean primary particle diameter (̅̅̅) and particle number densities (np), along the axis of the counterflow flame are calculated. Local soot volume fraction (fv,local) profiles are also measured using diffuse light 2D line of sight attenuation technique. Peak value of fv increases from 0.3 ppm to 8 ppm as the pressure is raised from 2 to 5 atm. Primary particle size (̅̅̅) also increases with pressure where peak primary particle size of 11 nm at 2 atm rises to 38 nm at 5 atm. Population average radius of gyration (Rg) increases with pressure while the number densities (np) of primary particles decrease due to coalescence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Soot Parameters in an Ethane/Air Counterflow Diffusion Flame at Elevated Pressures

Amin

Roberts

2020

Combustion Science and Technology

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“…Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) is one of the most widely used methods to study microstructures . SAXS is a rapid and high‐precision process and a useful supplement to SEM and TEM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Structure Characteristics of Diesel Engine Particulates Based on Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering

Zhong

Liu

2019

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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In this article, the particulates formed by the combustion of diesel, 20% and 50% biodiesel blended in diesel (denoted as B20 and B50, respectively), and biodiesel were collected. The micromorphologies of the particulates were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the small‐angle X‐ray scattering technique was used to analyze the gyration radius, size distribution, interfacial characteristics, and fractal characteristics of the particulates. The results show that the size of the particulates formed by combustion of the fuels was concentrated between 10 and 35 nm and obeyed a Gaussian distribution. Moreover, the addition of biodiesel to diesel led to smaller particulate sizes for the biodiesel/diesel blend: the mean radii of the particulates for diesel, B20, B50, and biodiesel were 11.5 nm, 10.8 nm, 10.2 nm, and 9.7 nm, respectively. In addition, an interfacial layer was observed between the particulates, and the average interfacial thickness of the particulates was between 1.54 and 1.89 nm. The mass fractal dimension of the particulates was between 0.2 and 2.5, and the surface fractal dimension of the particulates was between 2.1 and 2.9. The addition of biodiesel to diesel resulted in a more compact particulate structure and the rougher surface. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019

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“…However, it is challenging to observe the low density of particles that result from strictly controlled synthesis processes, as this often involves particle sorting. There are a substantial number of previous reports on aerosol flame-produced particles [13][14][15][16][17][18] and nanoparticle fabrication in-solution [19][20][21]. However, these cases have rather high particle concentrations compared with the present case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

In situ observation of synthesized nanoparticles in ultra-dilute aerosols via X-ray scattering

et al. 2018

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In-air epitaxy of nanostructures (Aerotaxy) has recently emerged as a viable route for fast, large-scale production. In this study, we use small-angle X-ray scattering to perform direct in-flight characterizations of the first step of this process, i.e., the engineered formation of Au and Pt aerosol nanoparticles by spark generation in a flow of N 2 gas. This represents a particular challenge for characterization because the particle density can be extremely low in controlled production. The particles produced are examined during production at operational pressures close to atmospheric conditions and exhibit a lognormal size distribution ranging from 5-100 nm. The Au and Pt particle production and detection are compared. We observe and characterize the nanoparticles at different stages of synthesis and extract the corresponding dominant physical properties, including the average particle diameter and sphericity, as influenced by particle sintering and the presence of aggregates. We observe highly sorted and sintered spherical Au nanoparticles at ultra-dilute concentrations (< 5 × 10 5 particles/cm 3) corresponding to a volume fraction below 3 × 10-10 , which is orders of magnitude below that of previously measured aerosols. We independently confirm an average particle radius of 25 nm via Guinier and Kratky plot analysis. Our study indicates that with high-intensity synchrotron beams and careful consideration of background removal, size and shape information can be obtained for extremely low particle concentrations with industrially relevant narrow size distributions.

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Multiscale Characterization of Some Commercial Carbon Blacks and Diesel Engine Soot

Cited by 35 publications

References 34 publications

Investigating Soot Parameters in an Ethane/Air Counterflow Diffusion Flame at Elevated Pressures

Investigating Soot Parameters in an Ethane/Air Counterflow Diffusion Flame at Elevated Pressures

Study on the Structure Characteristics of Diesel Engine Particulates Based on Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering

In situ observation of synthesized nanoparticles in ultra-dilute aerosols via X-ray scattering

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