¿MULTIPLICAR Tetrastichus howardi (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) EN LA ORUGA DE LA SEDA AFECTA SU BIOLOGÍA?

Abstract

<p class="p1"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p class="p2">La multiplicación sucesiva de parasitoides en hospederos alternativos, puede afectar las características biológicas y comprometer los sistemas de cría masiva de estos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la multiplicación de Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) en pupas del hospedero alternativo Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), durante tres generaciones. Y si eso afecta su desempeño reproductivo, cuando se cría, posteriormente, en pupas del hospedero natural Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Las informaciones obtenidas en este estudio pueden mejorar y facilitar el control biológico de plagas, principalmente, con la utilización de parasitoides, debido a que T. howardi parasita y se desarrolla en pupas de B. mori. De forma general, la multiplicación de T. howardi durante tres generaciones en pupas del hospedero alternativo B. mori no compromete las características biológicas de este parasitoide cuando se multiplica en su hospedero natural D. saccharalis a los efectos de su utilización en programas de control biológico.</p><p class="p1"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="p2">The successive multiplication of parasitoids in alternative hosts can affect the biological characteristics and compromise the systems for massive rearing. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the multiplication of Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of the alternative host Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) for three generations, affects its reproductive performance, when are reared, then in pupae of the natural host Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The information obtained in this study can improve and facilitate the biological control of pests, mainly with the use of parasitoids, due to the fact that T. howardi parasite and develops into pupae of B. mori. In general, the multiplication of T. howardi for three generations in the alternative host pupae of B. mori does not compromise the biological characteristics of this parasitoid when multiplied in its natural host D. saccharalis to the effects of their use in biological control programs.</p><p class="p2"> </p>

Parasitism of Tetrastichus howardi (Ollif, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae at different ages

“…The obtained emergence percentage indicates the biological capacity of this parasitoid to Tetrastichus howardi is an endoparasitoid of pupae, and its reproductive success occurs in pupae that are less than 24 h (Costa et al 2014, Tiago et al 2019. The biological characteristics of T. howardi were favorable when reared on Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) pupae (Piñeyro et al 2016).…”

“…The life cycle duration (egg to adult) of T. howardi was similar in all evaluated ages, suggesting that the C. includens pupae are viable for parasitoid development. Studies with T. howardi showed that the life cycle duration of this parasitoid in B. mori pupae is greater than 17 days (Barbosa et al 2015, Piñeyro et al 2016. The life cycle duration (egg to adult) depends on several aspects, as well as on the host species (Zago et al 2006).…”

“…Among the beneficial insects used in biological control, the Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitoid has the ability to parasitize multiple insect pests. However, T. howardi prefers lepidopteran pupae (Barbosa et al 2015, Piñeyro et al 2016, Sanomia et al 2020, what may be related to the parasitoid's immune response (Andrade et al 2010, Meng et al 2018. When the host is parasitized, it responds to the parasitism through the immune system, but parasitoids also have an efficient immune system, where they can inject toxins, which modify the host's immune responses and interrupt the production of humoral components (intermediary reactive oxygen, nitrogen and melanin species) (Moreau & Asgari 2015, Liu et al 2018, Tang et al 2019.…”

“…For a successful biological control using parasitoids, knowledge on their behavior, when reared under laboratory conditions, is very important (Costa et al 2014, Oliveira et al 2016, Rolim et al 2020. Thus, the percentage of parasitism and emergence, cycle (egg-adult) duration, progeny, progeny per female, sex ratio and longevity of males and females are factors that may be easily affected by the host species, exposure period and host age (Barbosa et al 2015, Ueno 2015, Piñeyro et al 2016, Tiago et al 2019, Rodrigues et al 2021.…”

Parasitism rate of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae in greenhouse by Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) females at different densities

“…Other host pupae such as those of Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) measure between 4 to 6 cm long and with 3,602 mg produced 466 parasitoids each one (Barbosa et al, 2015). The offspring of this parasitoid is related to host size and the food availability (Pyñero et al, 2016).…”