Multiplexed Electrochemical Immunosensors for Clinical Biomarkers

Abstract

Management and prognosis of disease requires the accurate determination of specific biomarkers indicative of normal or disease-related biological processes or responses to therapy. Moreover since multiple determinations of biomarkers have demonstrated to provide more accurate information than individual determinations to assist the clinician in prognosis and diagnosis, the detection of several clinical biomarkers by using the same analytical device hold enormous potential for early detection and personalized therapy and will simplify the diagnosis providing more information in less time. In this field, electrochemical immunosensors have demonstrated to offer interesting alternatives against conventional strategies due to their simplicity, fast response, low cost, high sensitivity and compatibility with multiplexed determination, microfabrication technology and decentralized determinations, features which made them very attractive for integration in point-of-care (POC) devices. Therefore, in this review, the relevance and current challenges of multiplexed determination of clinical biomarkers are briefly introduced, and an overview of the electrochemical immunosensing platforms developed so far for this purpose is given in order to demonstrate the great potential of these methodologies. After highlighting the main features of the selected examples, the unsolved challenges and future directions in this field are also briefly discussed.

Development of a Label-Free Immunosensor for Clusterin Detection as an Alzheimer’s Biomarker

“…Simultaneous detection of the possible AD biomarkers in blood such as complement factor H, α-2-macroglobuline, apolipoprotein E, pancreatic polypeptide, and clusterin would be necessary on a multiplexed electrochemical immunosensor platform. However, additional efforts are necessary for the simultaneous detection of biomarkers, since each protein type might have high differences in threshold levels and would vary in their detection sensitivity levels [ 49 ]. Along with this electrochemical system, paper-based and amperometry-based microfluidic methods would provide the advantages of working on small volumes, with short assay period, high sensitivity, and accelerated kinetic processes [ 50 , 51 , 52 ].…”

Antibody-Electroactive Probe Conjugates Based Electrochemical Immunosensors

“…The modern trends in the electrochemical immunosensors are based on the development of sensors for multiplexed determination of specific biomarkers [29,60,61]. The design of an immunosensor that is capable of simultaneous determination of two or more analytes in a single measurement, for example on a single working electrode in single solution, is a great challenge.…”

Suppressing Non-Specific Binding of Proteins onto Electrode Surfaces in the Development of Electrochemical Immunosensors

“…Configurations of two electrodes (working and reference electrodes, also called first generation SPEs), three electrodes (working, reference and auxiliary electrodes, also called second generation SPEs) are the most used [56]. In addition, SPEs with multiplex working electrodes, arrays of eight SPEs and of 96 SPEs in a 96-well plate have been developed for the simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers [57].…”