Multiplex microsatellite PCR panels for the neotropical red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle: combining efforts towards a cost-effective and modifiable tool to better inform conservation and management

Abstract

Better-informed mangrove conservation and management practices are needed as the ecosystem services provided by these intertidal forests continue to be threatened by increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate change. Multiple layers of knowledge are required to achieve this goal, including insights into population genetics of mangrove species. Understanding the importance of population-genetic insights to conservation, multiple research groups have developed microsatellite loci for the widespread, neotropical red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle. However, although a wealth of genetic markers exist, empirical research is limited in the number of these loci employed. Here, we designed two multiplex PCR panels that combine seven novel loci developed for this work and eight previously-developed loci from three research groups to generate 15-locus genotypes, more than twice the average number of loci used in previous research, in only two PCR. We demonstrated utility in R. mangle from four sites across ~ 2500 km near this species' northern latitudinal limits, and that these multiplex panels were better able to delineate populations than data subsets with numbers of loci comparable to previous research. We focus our discussion on how this tool is a more-informative, efficient (both in terms of time and resources), and easily-modifiable alternative to address many pressing conservation and management issues, such as the generation of baseline genetic data for areas not yet studied, better defining management units, and monitoring genetic effects of restoration projects. We also provide a quick protocol that outlines each step in this procedure to facilitate the use of this tool by others.

Red Mangrove Propagule Bacterial Communities Vary With Geographic, But Not Genetic Distance

“…Microsatellite data was generated using a triple multiplex panel approach with ve loci per panel (Table 2). Multiplex procedure and PCR conditions were adapted from previous work in R. mangle [23] and can be found in Supplementary File Two. Fragment analysis was performed on an Applied Biosystems 3730 Genetic Analyzer with Capillary Electrophoresis (Waltham, MA, USA).…”

“…Red mangroves have been the focus of several population genetics studies [21][22][23], through which several microsatellite loci have been developed. This species displays genetic variation throughout its Florida range, though previous work has not found signi cant evidence of population differentiation, suggesting that there is ongoing gene ow between populations [21,22].…”

Distinguishing Original and Non-Original Stands at the Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve (P.R. China): Remote Sensing and GIS for Conservation and Ecological Research

“…The success of restoration efforts focuses upon its genetic diversity conservation (assessment before, during and after) in the face of multiple disturbance and habitat destruction scenarios, e.g., climate change and sea-level rise, aquaculture, pollution, etc. [20][21][22]. The term "original forest" has been previously used for describing mangroves that pre-date human intervention [23].…”