The present research developed a novel methodological framework to differentiate natural mangrove stands (i.e., original), from stands which were planted and stands naturally established after interaction between planted and non-planted stands (e.g., through pollination, i.e., non-original). Ground-truth and remote sensing data were collected for Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve (ZMNNR) in P.R. China. First, satellite images of Corona (1967) and GeoEye-1 (2009) were overlaid to identify original (1967) and non-original (2009) mangrove stands. Second, in both stands a total of 75 in situ plots (25 m2) were measured for ground-truthing of tree structural parameters including height, density, basal area and Complexity Index (CI). From temporal satellite data, we identify 236.12 ha of original mangrove and 567.88 ha of non-original mangrove in the reserve. Averaged measurements of the original mangrove stands, i.e., stem density (1164 nos. 0.1 ha−1), basal area (90.3 m2 0.1 ha−1) and CI (100.59), indicated that they were in a state of maturity and less disturbed compared to the non-original mangroves (density, 1241 nos. 0.1 ha−1; basal area, 4.92 m2 0.1 ha−1 and CI, 55.65). The Kruskal–Wallis test showed significant differentiation between the original and non-original mangrove tree structural parameters: Kandelia obovata’s density, X2 = 34.78, d.f. = 1, p = 0.001; basal area, X2 = 108.15, d.f. = 1, p = 0.001; Rizhopora stylosa’s density, X2 = 64.03, d.f. = 1, p = 0.001; basal area, X2 = 117.96, d.f. = 1, p = 0.001. The latter is also evident from the clustering plots generated from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Vegetation dynamics at the ZMNNR also enabled us to compare the species composition and distribution patterns with other Indo-West Pacific regions. Overall, the present study not only highlights the advantage of >50 years old satellite data but also provide a benchmark for future ecological research, conservation and management of the ZMNNR.
Este estudio discute la importancia de incluir la evaluación de riesgos dentro del proceso de consulta previa, libre e informada y de consentimiento previo, en los procesos de licitación de actividades industriales, mineras o petroleras, y dentro de los territorios indígenas en el Ecuador. La evaluación del riesgo espacial es una herramienta de apoyo para la toma de decisiones previas a cualquier actividad industrial en su territorio. Para lograr este objetivo, usamos un enfoque deductivo para crear un marco conceptual legal y operativo que sigue los siguientes pasos: 1) recopilación de evidencia histórica de algunos casos legales llevados dentro del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, entre comunidades y gobiernos de la región; 2) conceptualización de las vulnerabilidades de los derechos humanos y su potencial para la degradación ambiental durante estas actividades humanas; 3) enfatizar la necesidad de presentar leyes que combinen la consulta previa, libre e informada con los estudios de riesgo ambiental y el potencial de requerir consentimiento en casos en los que el riesgo resulte alto (basado en los saberes ancestrales y conocimientos técnicos actuales), con el fin de reducir y mitigar los impactos sociales y ambientales negativos de estas actividades en los territorios ancestrales.
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