Multiple spatial correspondence effects on dual-task performance.

Abstract

Three dual-task experiments were conducted to examine whether the underadditive interaction of the Simon effect and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) on Task 2 performance is due to decay. The experiments tested whether the reverse Simon effect obtained with an incompatible stimulus-response (S-R) mapping would show an overadditive interaction with SOA, as predicted by R. De Jong, C.-C. Liang, and E. Lauber's (1994) dual-process model. Tone or letter identification tasks with vocal or keypress responses were used as Task 1. Task 2 was keypresses to arrow direction (or letter identity in Experiment 1). For all experiments, the normal Simon effect showed an underadditive interaction with SOA, but the reverse Simon effect did not show an overadditive interaction. The results imply that the dual-process model is not applicable to the dual-task context. Multiple correspondence effects across tasks implicate an explanation in terms of automatic S-R translation.

Location specificity in response selection processes for visual stimuli

“…To ensure that underadditivity of the spatial Simon effect can be obtained with colored squares, we first ran a second version of Experiment 1 in which we tested 25 additional participants on the same task as in Version 1, except that in Version2 the left and right squares were red and green, respectively. The results, shown in Figure 3 and Table 1 Experiment 1 fully replicated previous findings (Lien & Proctor, 2000;McCann & Johnston, 1992). In Experiment 2, a similar design was used to examine the interaction of a color Simon effect with the PRP effect.…”

“…However, the spatial Simon effect, in which the participants responded by touching colored squares, did not show this pattern either. Lien and Proctor (2000) also found underadditivity of the spatial Simon effect without observing a decay of the effect. We do not have an explanation for the inconsistent results of the spatial Simon effect as a function of RT quintiles.…”

“…The response activation hypothesis (Lien & Proctor, 2000, following Hommel, 1998 distinguishes between activation and selection within response processes. The former occurs automatically, and its launching for T2 is not affected by T1 in the PRP paradigm.…”

“…Although the Simon effect involves response selection processes (see, e.g., Lu & Proctor, 1995), McCann and Johnston found underadditivity of the effect in the PRP paradigm. Explanations for this finding (Lien & Proctor, 2000;McCann & Johnston, 1992) will be described later.…”

Multiple response codes play specific roles in response selection and inhibition under task switching

“…While many studies in this Weld have examined questions about the processing and mental representation of stimuli, only some also took the representation of the responses into account and how they interact with stimulus representations (e.g. Campbell & Proctor, 1993;Lien & Proctor, 2000;Lien, Schweickert, & Proctor, 2003).…”