Multiple sclerosis and vaccination.

Abstract

Bladder and Blood Pressure-Szasz and Whyte B is quite pronounced-up to 50 mm. Hg systolic and 40 mm. Hg diastolic-and certainly sufficient to be of clinical importance in some patients.The hypertensive effect is evident when the bladder distension becomes intolerable. There was some suggestion that blood pressure rises gradually as the tension in the bladder rises, even before any sense of discomfort or desire to micturate, but this came only from the pooled observations from the four catheterized patients, and was not substantiated by the blood-pressure measurements made before and after normal micturition. It can be concluded that the average behaviour with respect to retaining one's urine and passing it is not associated with any significantt fluctuations in blood pressure.The rise in blood pressure which accompanies gross distension of the bladder could depend on a number of factors such as anxiety and other effects of pain and discomfort, distension of the hollow viscus, and contraction of sphincters. The results of our experiments suggest that the latter may be an important factor, at least when conscious effort is required to prevent micturition. It is possible that contraction of the sphincters initiates reflex activity affecting the cardiovascular system, but it is also probable that the primary volitional effort aimed at the sphincters should spill over into autonomic pathways leading to cardiovascular centres. This would be similar to the mechanism invoked by those people who can voluntarily accelerate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and stimulate other activities controlled by the autonomic nervous system (Ogden and Shock, 1939;Whyte, 1966). SummaryBlood pressure rose significantly (average 27/20 mm. Hg) in seven normal subjects and four patients when the bladder was distended to the maximum tolerable limit by oral fluid loading or retrograde filling (four patients) through a catheter. Pulse rate was unaffected.There was a positive correlation between blood pressure and mounting bladder pressure for the combined results from the four catheterized patients, but this relation did not obtain in each individual.There was no significant difference in blood pressures taken immediately before and after micturition when subjects followed their habitual practice in determining when to micturate.Blood pressure rose significantly (average 17/12 mm. Hg) whenever subjects without distended bladders voluntarily contracted their sphincters. Pulse rate also rose. The purpose of this paper is to describe nine examples of onset or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis after vaccination or inoculation and to discuss the possible implications of these observations. The first five cases were seen in Newcastle and the remainder in Pruszkow. In five instances the onset of the neurological disease occurred after inoculation, in four (Cases 3, 4, 5, and 9) this was followed by exacerbation of established multiple sclerosis. The cases are summarized in the Case 3In 1955, at the age of 45, 26 years after a right facial palsy a...

Immunizations and risk of multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Likewise, for influenza, there is also limited information. Even though we did not include case-reports or case-series in our study, we found a considerable number describing demyelinating events at variable time periods after several immunizations [47][48][49][50][51][52]. These findings may be conflictive for both doctors and patients when deciding on immunization, especially in the case of vaccines that do not form part of mandatory national immunization programs or are recommended for travelers.…”

Hepatitis B Vaccination and First Central Nervous System Demyelinating Event: A Case-Control Study

“…Many viruses have been suggested as possible causal or triggering factor of the disease (measles, rubella, mumps, canine distemper, herpes, influenza and retroviruses) [10,11]. Studies investigating the relation between MS and vaccination, in particular vaccination against influenza and hepatitis B (HB), have not shown consistent findings [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Immunization and MS [RETIRED]

“…Two case reports were identified (Class IV evidence). 15,16 The first showed an exacerbation of MS after immunization, 15 and the second reported an improvement of MS symptoms after repeated smallpox vaccine injections. 16 Thus, there is insufficient evidence to support or to reject an increased risk of exacerbation after smallpox vaccine (Level U Recommendation).…”

“…Four patients with MS experienced an exacerbation of their symptoms from 12 hours to 14 days after typhoid fever vaccine (Class IV evidence). 15 Thus, there is insufficient evidence that typhoid vaccine does or does not increase the risk of MS exacerbation (Level U Recommendation) (see table 2).…”