Multiple Personalities

Bliss, Eugene L.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780250074009

Cited by 189 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…But at other times they abused the child, producing strong, mostly negative emotions, which shaped the child's development. To deal with the divergent emotional situations, the child split the self into distinct personalities (Bliss, 1980;Fagan & McMahon, 1984).…”

Section: Emotions As Organisers That Shape Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Emotions Develop and How they Organise Development

Fischer

Shaver

Carnochan

1990

Cognition & Emotion

286

192

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Concepts from functional theories of emotions are integrated with princi-, ples of skill development to produce a theory of emotional development. The theory provides tools for predicting both the sequences of emotional development and the ways emotions shape development. Emotions are characterised in terms of three component models: (a) the process of emotion generation from event appraisal, (b) a hierarchy of emotion categories organised around a handful of basic-emotion families, and (c) a characterisation of emotions in terms of prototypic event scripts. The basic emotions and the positive vs. negative hedonic components of emotions function as constraints or organisers that shape behaviour whenever an emotion is activated. Through these patterning effects, emotions shape both short-term behavioural organisation and long-term development. The skilldevelopment component of the theory explains how, as children grow, they construct and control increasingly complex skills-which affect many aspects of emotion, from appraisal to emotional self-control. These skills can be characterised in terms of a series of developmental tiers and levels; they are not fixed traits of the child but instead are affected by assessment conditions and emotional action tendencies. The developmental process gradually moves from basic, species-specific emotions to culture-specific, subordinate-category emotions and the complexities of adult emotional experiences. The theory provides a set of conceptual and methodological tools to predict and assess emotional development. It also indicates how emotional development fits with other aspects of systematic change in the organisation of behaviour. I NTRODUCTIO NEmotions develop, and as they do, they help structure and direct other aspects of development. A theory of emotional development needs to explicate both of these distinct sets of phenomena-the development of emotions and the ways that emotions shape development (Barrett & Campos, 1987;Izard & Malatesta, 1987).During the first year or SO of life, infants exhibit facial expressions and action patterns that most parents and psychologists readily categorise as instances of joy, affection, anger, sadness, and fear. Over many years, as infants develop into adults, more complex emotions develop, such as compassion, nostalgia, humiliation, resentment, and alienation. This is the first set of phenomena that needs explication-the development from a few relatively simple basic emotions to a broad array of complex and often subtle ones.At the same time, emotions shape development. When an emotion is activated, it tends to shift a person's goals from their prior state to a new organisation determined by the emotion. For example, when a one-yearold girl becomes angry at her father's interference with her play, she stops playing, complains, and pushes him away to stop the interference. This organising effect of emotions on behaviour begins in early infancy and continues throughout life. When children have disproportionate experience with one or more s...

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Section: Emotions As Organisers That Shape Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Emotions Develop and How they Organise Development

Fischer

Shaver

Carnochan

1990

Cognition & Emotion

286

192

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…DID (Dissociative identity disorder) can be given as a clinical example which shows the effect of neurotic symptoms on the attention of a person. As noted by Bliss (1980), a DID patient "creates personalities by blocking everything from her head, mentally relaxes, concentrates very hard. She clears her mind but she is not aware of what she's doing".…”

Section: Unawareness: a Self-deception Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psikiyatride Rasyonel Seçim Teorisi

Özdemir¹,

Tanhan²,

Özdemir³

2018

Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar

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Öz Rasyonel seçim yaklaşımı son yıllarda pek çok disiplinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. nevrozların rasyonel seçim teorisi, hastaların dayanılmaz stres seviyeleri ile karşı karşıya kaldıklarında bilinçli ve kasıtlı olarak nevrotik bozuklukları ortaya çıkardığını savunur. Çarpıcı farklılıklara rağmen, nevrozların rasyonel-seçim teorisi, yeni bir represyon kavramı kullanmakla birlikte Freud'un düşünce çerçevesini sürdürür. Bu yeni teoriye göre, tüm terapiler etkilerini ya hastaların farkındalık yokluğunu ortadan kaldırmak, belirtilerin maliyetini arttırmak, hastanın duygusal sıkıntısını azaltmak ya da stres faktörünü ortadan kaldırmak suretiyle gösterirler. Bu teoride birey stresle ilgili düşünceleri dikkat çekmeden ortadan kaldırmak için bilinçli olarak dikkat dağıtıcı önlemler kullanır ve represyon bilinçli bir başa çıkma mekanizması olarak tanımlanır. Bu makalede rasyonel seçim teorisinin psikiyatride tanımı, bütüncül yaklaşımı, en sık uygulama alanları ve tedavide kullanımını gözden geçirmek amaçlanmıştır.

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“…A patient suffering from a psychoneurosis behaves in every way as though under the influence of a posthypnotic suggestion" (pp. 28 -29; see also Bliss, 1980Bliss, , 1983Bliss, , 1984Frankel, 1974). A clinical example demonstrating the overwhelming effect that neurotic symptoms might have on the individual's attention can be seen in DID, when patients altered their personalities.…”

Section: Creation Of Unawarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rational-choice theory of neurosis: Unawareness and an integrative therapeutic approach.

Rofé¹

2010

Journal of Psychotherapy Integration

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In agreement with Freud (1915aFreud ( , 1915b, patients' unawareness regarding the underlying causes of their behavior seems to be the key to understanding the development and treatment of neurotic disorders. However, Freud's concepts of the unconscious and repression have encountered serious problems that do not allow for their maintenance (see review by Rofe ´, 2008). An additional issue concerns the fact that none of the available theories can integrate the therapeutic effects of various interventions under a single theoretical framework. Both of these issues are addressed in this article by the rational-choice theory of neurosis (RCTN). RCTN maintains that patients consciously and deliberately adopt neurotic disorders when confronted with intolerable levels of stress. Unawareness is created through sophisticated cognitive processes, by which patients forget their own self-involvement. Subsequently, patients develop a self-deceptive belief that rationalizes the neurotic behavior, thereby preserving unawareness. According to this new theory, all therapies exert their effect either by disrupting patients' ability to preserve unawareness, increasing the cost of the symptom, decreasing the patient's emotional distress, or eliminating the stressor.

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Multiple Personalities

Cited by 189 publications

References 31 publications

How Emotions Develop and How they Organise Development

How Emotions Develop and How they Organise Development

Psikiyatride Rasyonel Seçim Teorisi

The rational-choice theory of neurosis: Unawareness and an integrative therapeutic approach.

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