Multiple Paths to Industrialization: A Global Context of the Rise of Emerging States

Abstract

This volume addresses the issue of how a country, which was incorporated into the world economy as a periphery, could create a path of economic development and industrialization as the 'emerging state' in Asia and Africa. We offer historical and contemporary case studies of development paths, as well as the international background under which a transition to the emerging state was successfully made, delayed or failed. In this chapter I describe how diverse paths of economic development emerged in various regions of the world, and show that interactions of such 'multiple paths', rather than the diffusion of modern technology and institutions from Western Europe to the rest of the world, determined the timing and pace of global industrialization over the last two centuries. The industrial revolution in England, which began in the late eighteenth century, was first transmitted to Continental Europe, the United States and Japan in the 'long' nineteenth century. During the period of interwar instability and after World War II, a variety of state-led industrialization programs, including socialist models, were implemented, which had varying degrees of success. The diffusion of industrialization has been often interpreted along the Gerschenkronean framework of 'advantage of backwardness' and late development (Gerschenkron 1962; Austin 2013, 288-90). In a broad sense, any state engaged in 'catching-up' industrialization qualifies the emerging state. Thus the first type of the emerging state exploits its respective factor endowment advantages in relation to the more advanced countries. If an Asian country such as Japan is labour abundant and capital scarce, she might focus on the development of labour-intensive industries, in addition to fostering capital-intensive ones for political and military reasons.

Measurement and Analysis of the Bitcoin Networks: A View from Mining Pools

“…The Malthusian Trap. We found an interesting phenomenon that mining pools are caught in a Malthusian trap [35], [36], where an exponential growth of the hash rate does not mean an increasing hash rate proportion of a mining pool. On the converse, some mining pools' hash rate proportions are actually decreasing despite an exponential growth of the hash rate.…”

Factor endowments, vent for surplus and involutionary process in rural developing economies

“…Women and children become more active and indispensable in the economic activities of the household. 11 This, unlike the positive interpretation associated with the proto-industrialization of early modern Britain (Mendels 1976), or Japan's labour-intensive development path (Austin and Sugihara 2013;Sugihara 2003Sugihara , 2019, is a response to achieve subsistence. Household production includes, for instance, a movement towards cash crops (e.g.…”

The public-private distinction in the shadow of China: Uneven and combined development’s critique of liberal IR theory?

“…While Western scholars tend to narrow the definition of industrialism to the Soviet-styled manufacturing fetishism (Theobald 1994), Kaoru Sugihara sees Asia's industrial experiences as a necessarily international development, integrating any favourable components to bolster a nation's industrial capability, whether that process itself is justified by any explicit market incentives or not (Sugihara 2004(Sugihara , 2019Sugihara and Wong 2015). The ensuing pattern of labour-intensive industrialisation in Asian societies represents the practice of mobilising local and traditional actors, especially peasants, for industrial purposes in a substitutionist way (Wolf 1999;Arrighi et al 2003;Arrighi 2007, The public-private distinction in the shadow of China 9 351).…”

“…The ensuing pattern of labour-intensive industrialisation in Asian societies represents the practice of mobilising local and traditional actors, especially peasants, for industrial purposes in a substitutionist way (Wolf 1999;Arrighi et al 2003;Arrighi 2007, The public-private distinction in the shadow of China 9 351). The late 20 th century export-oriented manufacturing, however, represents the hybridisation with the international market (Sugihara 2004(Sugihara , 2019. It is also obvious that a broad social consensus has been achieved in an industrialist society when the strength of the industrial sector becomes a national priority.…”