“…Parthenium also has the potential to build up a soil seed bank very quickly, long seed viability, luxuriant flowering, and different plants in different stages of growth,viz.vegetative, flowering, ability to seed throughout the year, to develop strong arbuscular mycorrhizal association and outcompete in ecologically diverse habitats (Navie et al, 1998). Moreover, this weed has great competitive advantage over native flora because of its low photorespiration under arid conditions, photo-and thermo-insensitivity, C 3 /C 4 intermediate mechanism, more biomass production at elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations as compared to the normal CO 2 concentration in a rapidly changing climate, and absence of natural enemies (Tang et al, 2009;McConnachie et al, 2011). To minimize its increasing invasiveness, quarantine measures should be adopted to check the introduction of this weed to a non-infested area through transportation of consumer goods, by movement of livestock, and flooding.…”