“…If substantial deviations of MCAR are suspected, and a misspecified factor model should be estimated, imputation based approaches might be preferable (Gottschall et al, 2012;Jia and Wu, 2019). The use of sufficiently complex imputation models, such as the Gaussian copula model (Hollenbach et al, 2018), mixture models (Murray and Reiter, 2016), or latent class models (Vermunt et al, 2008;Si and Reiter, 2013) are advantageous to minimize possible distributional misspecifications for MAR data. Appropriate imputation models can also treat specific deviations from MAR (missing not at random; MNAR; Harel and Schafer, 2009;Jung et al, 2011;Kano and Takai, 2011;Zhang and Reiser, 2015;Bartolucci et al, 2018;Kuha et al, 2018;Pohl and Becker, 2020).…”