Multiple exposure pathways and urinary chromium in residents exposed to chromium

Accumulated ambient air pollution and colon cancer incidence in Thailand

“…One of the most common places associated with potentially toxic metal in local environment was the street dusts(SDs) 27 . There are many routes of entry through body, namely inhalation, food contamination and skin contact 28 . Cadmium was a heavy metal contaminant whose toxicity was associated with colorectal cancer.…”

The link between deacetylation and hepatotoxicity induced by exposure to hexavalent chromium

“…After oral administration of 89 mg/kg of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 for 14 d, the rat mortality rate was 15% [7] . Occupational exposure to Cr(VI) affects the health of millions of workers worldwide, mainly through respiratory inhalation and skin contact [8] . Additionally, acute and chronic exposure to Cr(VI) shows neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenicity [9] .…”

Fe3O4–SiO2–graphene oxide–amino acid ionic liquid magnetic solid-phase extraction combined with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for speciation of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) in environmental water

“…[3][4][5] Chromium (Cr), as a widespread heavy metal with the two most common oxidation states of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), has been extensively employed for various industrial applications such as leather tanning, mining, textile dyeing, etc., and the exposure routes of Cr species have been well documented. [6][7][8][9] Cr(III) is considered as an essential trace element for living organisms, and plays an important role in improving insulin sensitivity. 10 By contrast, Cr(VI) is believed to pose a potential carcinogenic effect on human health due to its high oxidation potential.…”