Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Bird Droppings in Two Commercial Poultries in Enugu, Nigeria

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms to grow in the presence of an antimicrobial agent at a concentration that will normally kill or inhibit their growth. Antimicrobial resistance has become a major global threat making treatment of infections tougher especially with high cost of treatment in humans and animals. This study was done to determine the Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index (MARI) of Gram-negative bacteria from bird droppings in two commercial poultries in Enugu. Forty (40) samples were collected from each of the poultries. Isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods. The isolates identified were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter spp, Proteus spp. and, Enterobacter spp. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using disc diffusion technique. The organisms were tested against pefloxacin, augmentin (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid), ceftazidime, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, cephalothin, neomycin and ofloxacin. The result of the susceptibility test showed that Proteus spp had the highest resistance and MARI value of 0.5 and 1.0 respectively. The other MARI values were Escherichia coli (0.9), Klebsiella pneumonia (0.9), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.8), Citrobacter spp (0.8) and Enterobacter spp (0.7). These results suggest that bacterial organisms from poultry source can contribute significantly to the spread of multi-antibiotic resistant organisms. This could arise from the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in bird feeds in poultries.

Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phages from Wastewaters

“…Organisms that have MARI greater than 0.2 confirm the presence of multidrug-resistant genes originating from the environment where there is an abuse of these drugs. Also, that the plasmids contain one or more resistance genes each encoding a single antibiotic resistance phenotype (Afunwa et al, 2020). The widespread of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the community reveals that there is a proliferation of patent vendors illegally and unprofessionally prescribing and dispensing antibiotics.…”

“…The widespread of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the community reveals that there is a proliferation of patent vendors illegally and unprofessionally prescribing and dispensing antibiotics. This resistance to frontline antibiotics could also be connected to indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry breeding and the subsequent consumption of such poultry may have transferred the resistance to humans (Afunwa et al, 2020). This is worrisome because the multidrugresistant isolates were from residential areas and not from the hospitals.…”

Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from the Poultry Farm Environment

“…The MAR index for each bacterial isolate and poultry farm sample was calculated based on the method described by Krumperman ( 5 ). MAR index values of <0.2 indicate a low risk of ARB contamination, while values of ≥0.2 indicate a high risk of ARB contamination ( 5 , 6 ).…”

“…Figure 1 shows the distribution of MAR indices of the isolates. Bacterial species with a MAR index of ≥0.2 indicate a likelihood of origination from a high-contamination area, where antibiotics had been used extensively ( 6 ). Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the bacteria exhibited significantly high percentage of AR and MAR index values ( P < 0.0001).…”

Detection of qnrS and tetA resistance coding genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosaof egg-laying hens farmin Cianjur Regency, West Java

“…The high incidence of antimicrobial resistance is of concern to international agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) [6]. Incidence of antibiotic resistance can contaminate products from livestock and potentially be a source of microbial contamination to humans, which is very influential in increasing the economic value of overcoming microbial resistance.…”