Background: Pharmaceutical products need to be of good quality and it is even more critical when it comes to life saving medicaments like infusions. Objective: This research surveyed the quality fitness of some ciprofloxacin and metronidazole infusion samples marketed in Southeastern of Nigeria. Methods: Using Official Compendial methods, microbiological quality, active pharmaceutical ingredients quantitation, pH and particle count tests were evaluated on eighty infusion bottles (from eight pharmaceutical companies) of each of the two drugs. Results: Out of the sixteen brands tested, 2 metronidazole brands and 1 ciprofloxacin brand (representing 18.75% of the total 16 brands/makes) were contaminated while the remaining 13 brands (81.25%) were found sterile. The active pharmaceutical ingredients quantitative assay showed that all the brands of ciprofloxacin infusion were between the 95% and 105% limit of label claim while one metronidazole brand has <95-110% limit label claim. Six brands each of the two drugs evaluated fall below the acceptable pH range [ciprofloxacin (3.5-4.6) and metronidazole (4.8-5.2)], while the other two brands of both drugs passed the test. In the antibacterial study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were susceptible to the ciprofloxacin (5 µg). However, Salmonella typhi recorded inhibition zone diameters within resistant and intermediate range. Peptostrepococcus spp was susceptible (at minimum inhibitory concentrations of 100 µg/mL) to all the brands of metronidazole, while none of the brands were effective on Lactobacillus spp. All the brands passed the test for particulate contamination. The particles size range was <10µm. Conclusion: About eighty-one percent (81.25%) of the infusions have acceptable good microbiological quality. However, 18.75% that failed the tests is a concern knowing that these are lifesaving products.
This research work aimed at developing an edible biopolymeric microcapsular wrapping (EBMW) integrating lytic bacteriophage particles for Salmonella enterica, with potential application in poultry feed for biocontrol of that pathogen. This pathogen is known as one of the main microorganisms responsible for contamination in the food industry and in foodstuff. The current techniques for decontamination and pathogen control in the food industry can be very expensive, not very selective, and even outdated, such as the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics that end up selecting resistant bacteria. Hence, there is a need for new technologies for pathogen biocontrol. In this context, bacteriophage-based biocontrol appears as a potential alternative. As a cocktail, both phages were able to significantly reduce the bacterial load after 12 h of treatment, at either multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1 and 10, by 84.3% and 87.6%, respectively. Entrapment of the phage virions within the EBMW matrix did not exert any deleterious effect upon their lytic activity. The results obtained showed high promise for integration in poultry feed aiming at controlling Salmonella enterica, since the edible biopolymeric microcapsular wrapping integrating lytic bacteriophage particles developed was successful in maintaining lytic phage viability while fully stabilizing the phage particles.
Aims: The study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activities of the leaves, seeds, bark, and root of Pterocarpus santalinoides plant. Study Design: Agar well diffusion and Agar well dilution methods were used to test the preliminary antimicrobial and minimum inhibitory/bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations respectively of Pterocarpus santalinoides plants. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu Campus, Nigeria, between February – October, 2017. Methodology: Primary extraction and fractionation of the plant parts were undertaken with methanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Agar diffusion method for the primary antimicrobial screening on Muller-Hinton agar (bacteria) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (fungi) were used to assess the antimicrobial activities of the sixteen (16) samples on some microbial isolates namely Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Microsporon canis, and Trichophyton rubrum. The minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) and percentage inhibition diameter growth (PIDG) of the samples that yielded positive activity were also evaluated. Results: Twelve (12) samples exhibited inhibitory activity on at least one or more of the test isolates. The MIC range observed for the extracts and fractions that yielded positive activity was 12.5 – 100 mg/ml. The n-hexane fraction of the plant root indicated the best value of 12.5 mg/ml against M. canis. The best MBC/MFC value of 25 mg/ml was observed with the ethyl acetate fraction of the bark (against E. coli and M. canis) and the n-hexane fraction of the root (against M. canis). The result showed S. typhi to be the most sensitive organism to the metabolites of P. santalinoides. Extended-spectrum activity was observed with the ethyl acetate fraction of the bark against three (3) of the test isolates namely S. typhi, E. coli and M. canis. The determination of PIDG values for the test organisms against the plants’ extracts/fractions showed that crude methanol extract (28.57%) and ethyl-acetate fraction (0.14%) of the leaves, butanol fraction (0.14%) of the root (all against S. typhi) were the most potent test samples. Conclusion: The results indicated that the plant parts may have potential medicinal values and confirmed its use in traditional medicine.
Background Regular evaluation of antimicrobials prescriptions is important for optimal use. Objective This study determined the prescription patterns, class and costs of antimicrobials in the adult out-patient pharmacy of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Methods A 1-year retrospective study from 1st January to 31st December 2018. The data, which included identification code, age, sex, antibiotics prescribed, number of antibiotics per prescription, number of medicines per prescription, dosage form, generic prescribing, drug on the essential drug list, and cost, were used in the analysis. The Chi-square test and Analysis of Variance were used to compare our data with the WHO–developed antimicrobial prescription Guidelines for Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical and Defined Daily Dose assignment of 2019. Results From 450 patient records, significantly more females (70%) were prescribed with antimicrobials (P = 0.0038). The prescription pattern showed that antimicrobials selection by class was significantly different (P < 0.0001) (top three being Amino-penicillin > Nitroimidazoles > Fluoroquinolone). In addition, age differed significantly (P < 0.0001) with 46–50 as the highest class. Dosage forms profile showed that the percentage of encounter with injections prescribed (1.8%) was less than WHO recommendation (13.4–24.1%). Most of the prescriptions (84.22%) were from the Essential Drug List. The average cost of prescriptions with two antimicrobials was the highest ($14.0807), then three ($10.7949), and one ($6.39858). The average number of drugs per prescription that had one (4.28), two (4.46), and three (5.55) antimicrobials, respectively, were more than double the average (2) recommended by WHO. Conclusion The study showed that most of the patterns are within limit, however, highlights the need for frequent evaluation.
Aims: This study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activities of fractions of Rauwolfia vomitoria against some isolates including; Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Microsporon canis, and Trichophyton rubrum. Methodology: Primary extraction was done on the dried and pulverized plant samples (leaves, barks, and root) using methanol, after which the crude extracts was fractionated using butanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane respectively. The samples were duly labelled according to the plant parts and solvents used. Agar diffusion and dilution methods on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) where used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) respectively. The percentage inhibition diameter growth (PIDG) of the extracts and fractions were also determined. Results: From the results, eleven (11) samples showed inhibitory activity on one or more of the test isolates. Extended spectrum activity was observed with five (5) of the samples, including; RVL ethyl acetate, RVL n-hexane, RVB crude, RVR crude, and RVR ethyl acetate against S. typhi, E. coli, and M. canis. Antifungal activity was observed only against M. canis. The ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves (RVLE) and crude methanol extract of the bark (RVBC) gave the least MIC both against M. canis at a concentration of 25 mg/ml, while the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves (RVLE) at 12.5 mg/ml also against M. canis gave the least MBC/MFC. Using the inhibition zone diameters (IZD), the obtained PIDG showed apparently that the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves (RVL ethyl acetate) was the most active against S. typhi (28.57%) and E. coli (20%). Conclusion: The study lends support to the traditional use of the plant especially in treating gastro intestinal tract and skin infections.
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