Multiphoton photoresists giving nanoscale resolution that is inversely dependent on exposure time

Stocker, Michael P.; Fu, Pingqing; Gattass, Rafael R.; Fourkas, John T.

doi:10.1038/nchem.965

Cited by 58 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The acrylic resin used was composed of 49 wt% Tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate triacrylate (SR368; Sartomer), 49 wt% ethoxylated (6) trimethylolpropane triacrylate (SR499; Sartomer), and 2 wt% Lucirin TPO-L (Ciba). Master structures were fabricated on acrylate-functionalized glass slides (32). The typical power of the fabrication beam was 4 mW as measured at the sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The typical power of the fabrication beam was 4 mW as measured at the sample. The sample preparation and fabrication procedure have been described previously (32). The master surfaces were functionalized with primary amines using a mixture of ethylenediamine (E26266; Sigma-Aldrich) and ethanol (1:4, vol/vol) for 30 min, and then were treated with a solution containing 0.03 g of perfluorooctadecanoic acid (L16837; Alfa Aesar), 4.5 g of hexafluorobenzene (H8706; Sigma-Aldrich), 16 mL of ethanol, and 50 μL of methanol for 1.5 h to render the surface highly hydrophobic, facilitating the release of cured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asymmetric nanotopography biases cytoskeletal dynamics and promotes unidirectional cell guidance

Sun

Driscoll

Guven

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Many biological and physiological processes depend upon directed migration of cells, which is typically mediated by chemical or physical gradients or by signal relay. Here we show that cells can be guided in a single preferred direction based solely on local asymmetries in nano/microtopography on subcellular scales. These asymmetries can be repeated, and thereby provide directional guidance, over arbitrarily large areas. The direction and strength of the guidance is sensitive to the details of the nano/microtopography, suggesting that this phenomenon plays a context-dependent role in vivo. We demonstrate that appropriate asymmetric nano/microtopography can unidirectionally bias internal actin polymerization waves and that cells move with the same preferred direction as these waves. This phenomenon is observed both for the pseudopoddominated migration of the amoeboid Dictyostelium discoideum and for the lamellipod-driven migration of human neutrophils. The conservation of this mechanism across cell types and the asymmetric shape of many natural scaffolds suggest that actin-wave-based guidance is important in biology and physiology.cell migration | actin waves | contact guidance | Dictyostelium discoideum | neutrophils D irected cell migration is essential for many critical biological and physiological processes (1), such as embryonic development (2), wound healing (3), immune response (4), and angiogenesis (5). Guidance of cells can be achieved through external gradients in properties such as chemical concentration (6, 7), substrate rigidity (8), and adhesion (9). The total distance over which gradients can guide cells is limited by the finite dynamic range of cellular sensing [i.e., guidance by a gradient between the front and back of each cell requires that the overall signal change significantly with the cell's position (Fig. 1A)]. Cells can overcome this limitation by relaying chemotactic signals, but chemical relay of directional information requires intricate orchestration and timing of signals (7, 10, 11). Shear flow is another approach to guiding cells unidirectionally over large distances, but shear flow is an active process that requires constant fluid flow at a controlled rate and viscosity (12, 13). Surface nanotopography, such as ridges and grooves (14-17) or aligned collagen fibers (18), can act as a primitive and ubiquitous guidance cue, but the symmetric structures used in prior studies only provided bidirectional guidance.Although previous work has implicated cytoskeletal structures [in particular, the alignment of stress fibers (16)] in similar contact guidance processes, we have recently shown that nanotopography also steers the dynamics of the cell's scaffolding by biasing actin polymerization waves (17). Intracellular dynamics involving the self-assembly of actin and actin's associated proteins into 3D, traveling waves that propel a cell forward through a sustained cycle of polymerization and depolymerization have recently been found to be ubiquitous in cell migration (19)(20)(21)(22). Given ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric nanotopography biases cytoskeletal dynamics and promotes unidirectional cell guidance

Sun

Driscoll

Guven

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…[19][20][21] DLW by multiphoton polymerization is a direct laser writing technique that allows the construction of 3D structures with resolution beyond the diffraction limit. [22][23][24] The polymerization process is due to nonlinear absorption within the focal volume, initiated by a focused ultrafast laser beam. Employing laser intensities that are only slightly above the nonlinear polymerization threshold, structures with very high resolution can be made.…”

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confidence: 99%

Three‐Dimensional Metallic Photonic Crystals with Optical Bandgaps

et al. 2012

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The fabrication of fully three-dimensional photonic crystals with a bandgap at optical wavelengths is demonstrated by way of direct femtosecond laser writing of an organic-inorganic hybrid material with metal-binding moieties, and selective silver coating using electroless plating. The crystals have 600-nm intralayer periodicity and sub-100 nm features, and they exhibit well-defined diffraction patterns.

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“…Recent developments in the engineering and manipulation of materials on the nanoscale have given rise to a number of new techniques with the potential for physically encoding data and images into optically readable volumes and surfaces. [23,24] Using semiconductor quantum dots, [25][26][27] graphene, [28] and various super-resolution lithography techniques, [29][30][31][32][33][34] researchers are demonstrating novel 2D and 3D techniques that may enable the next generation of optical storage and encoding technologies. Plasmonic particles and filters have also seen applications in these research areas, with the aforementioned image encoding examples having been joined by demonstrations of their use in optical data storage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmonic Color Filters as Dual‐State Nanopixels for High‐Density Microimage Encoding

Heydari

Sperling

Neale

et al. 2017

Adv Funct Materials

115

110

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Plasmonic color filtering has provided a range of new techniques for "printing" images at resolutions beyond the diffraction-limit, significantly improving upon what can be achieved using traditional, dye-based filtering methods. Here, a new approach to high-density data encoding is demonstrated using full color, dual-state plasmonic nanopixels, doubling the amount of information that can be stored in a unit-area. This technique is used to encode two data sets into a single set of pixels for the first time, generating vivid, near-full sRGB (standard Red Green Blue color space)color images and codes with polarization-switchable information states. Using a standard optical microscope, the smallest "unit" that can be read relates to 2 × 2 nanopixels (370 nm × 370 nm). As a result, dual-state nanopixels may prove significant for long-term, high-resolution optical image encoding, and counterfeit-prevention measures. over their microscale, dye-based counterparts. Chief among these are their subwavelength dimensions (leading to ultradense, ultrathin pixel arrays), and their long-term environmental stability (they do not degrade or fade over time due to radiation exposure). As a result, plasmonic filters have been positioned as new technological solutions for subwavelength color printing, [1,4,[7][8][9]12] anticounterfeiting measures, [19,20] and RGB splitting for image sensors; [2,17,21,22] thus representing one of the most promising, technologically relevant areas of current plasmonic research activity. Here, we explore a new application of polarizationcontrolled plasmonic filters: dual output, full-color optical image encoding. Recent developments in the engineering and manipulation of materials on the nanoscale have given rise to a number of new techniques with the potential for physically encoding data and images into optically readable volumes and surfaces. [23,24] Using semiconductor quantum dots, [25][26][27] graphene, [28] and various super-resolution lithography techniques, [29][30][31][32][33][34] researchers are demonstrating novel 2D and 3D techniques that may enable the next generation of optical storage and encoding technologies. Plasmonic particles and filters have also seen applications in these research areas, with the aforementioned image encoding examples having been joined by demonstrations of their use in optical data storage. [23,24,[35][36][37] Here, we show a new utilization of image encoding using polarization multiplexed plasmonic filters, where, unlike previous studies that employed color or position switching in fixed images, [14,38] we show that two arbitrary, full-color images can be encoded into a single array of pixels. Our individual pixels are comprised of asymmetric cross-shaped nanoapertures in a thin film of aluminum. Each aperture is engineered to exhibit two independent plasmonic resonances which can be tuned across the sRGB (standard Red Green Blue) color-space (a single pixel can be encoded with any two arbitrary colors). We go on to show that by using the smallest visible unit ...

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Multiphoton photoresists giving nanoscale resolution that is inversely dependent on exposure time

Cited by 58 publications

References 13 publications

Asymmetric nanotopography biases cytoskeletal dynamics and promotes unidirectional cell guidance

Asymmetric nanotopography biases cytoskeletal dynamics and promotes unidirectional cell guidance

Three‐Dimensional Metallic Photonic Crystals with Optical Bandgaps

Plasmonic Color Filters as Dual‐State Nanopixels for High‐Density Microimage Encoding

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