Multiphoton Lithography of Organic Semiconductor Devices for 3D Printing of Flexible Electronic Circuits, Biosensors, and Bioelectronics

Abstract

In recent years, 3D printing of electronics have received growing attention due to their potential applications in emerging fields such as nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. Multiphoton lithography (MPL) is considered the state‐of‐the‐art amongst the microfabrication techniques with true 3D fabrication capability owing to its excellent level of spatial and temporal control. Here, a homogenous and transparent photosensitive resin doped with an organic semiconductor material (OS), which is compatible with MPL process, is introduced to fabricate a variety of 3D OS composite microstructures (OSCMs) and microelectronic devices. Inclusion of 0.5 wt% OS in the resin enhances the electrical conductivity of the composite polymer about 10 orders of magnitude and compared to other MPL‐based methods, the resultant OSCMs offer high specific electrical conductivity. As a model protein, laminin is incorporated into these OSCMs without a significant loss of activity. The OSCMs are biocompatible and support cell adhesion and growth. Glucose‐oxidase‐encapsulated OSCMs offer a highly sensitive glucose sensing platform with nearly tenfold higher sensitivity compared to previous glucose biosensors. In addition, this biosensor exhibits excellent specificity and high reproducibility. Overall, these results demonstrate the great potential of these novel MPL‐fabricated OSCM devices for a wide range of applications from flexible bioelectronics/biosensors, to nanoelectronics and organ‐on‐a‐chip devices.

Recent Advancements in Nanobiosensors: Current Trends, Challenges, Applications, and Future Scope

“…Further, a technique for building electronic circuits by mounting electrical devices on flexible plastic substrates is known as flexible electronics, commonly referred to as flex circuits. These flexible electronics are widely used as wearable nanobiosensor devices for sensing various biological parameters, such as glucose, sweat, and pulse [ 193 , 194 ].…”

Responsive hydrogel microfibers for biomedical engineering

“…They have been reported to be applied in diverse fields, including flexible electronics, wound monitoring, human-computer interaction, and some others. 99,100 For example, the prepared conductive microfibers encapsulated with MXene could be used as strain sensors to monitor human activities in real time. 4 The bending movement of the finger was transferred into electrical signals (resistance), and the bending degree of finger could be inferred from the magnitude of the change in its relative electrical resistance, which was also applicable to monitor wrist and elbow movement (Figure 8A).…”

3D printing of bone and cartilage with polymer materials

“…Photosensitive resin known as a photocurable solid material mainly consists of a photo-initiator, oligomer, and reactive diluent ( Abdallah et al, 2020 ). The UV-Curing 3D Printing is the process of using the rapid cross-linking of liquid light-sensitive resin under ultraviolet light (UV) radiation to solid substances to solid substances ( Dadras-Toussi et al, 2022a ). So as to add optical curing light-sensitive resin layer by layer, until it forms a complete formation the process of three -dimensional device ( Dadras-Toussi et al, 2022a ).…”

“…The UV-Curing 3D Printing is the process of using the rapid cross-linking of liquid light-sensitive resin under ultraviolet light (UV) radiation to solid substances to solid substances ( Dadras-Toussi et al, 2022a ). So as to add optical curing light-sensitive resin layer by layer, until it forms a complete formation the process of three -dimensional device ( Dadras-Toussi et al, 2022a ). Because the light -sensitive resin has unique liquid liquidity and instantaneous light solidification characteristics and the amount of light sensitivity resin can accurately control the amount and space of the light sensitivity resin ( Foster et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Moreover, it is manifested as the transformation of colloidal resin into a solid object. The light source in the 3D printer continuously cross-links the photosensitive resin by scanning layer by layer, thereby accumulating a three-dimensional solid product ( Dadras-Toussi et al, 2022b ). As an excellent 3D printing consumable, the photosensitive resin has the advantages of high molding accuracy and short curing time and is suitable for processing precision devices ( Fang et al, 2020 ).…”