Multimodal ultrasound investigation (grey scale, Doppler and 2D-SWE) of salivary and lacrimal glands in healthy people and patients with diabetes mellitus and/or obesity, with or without sialosis

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate the ultrasound (US) modifications [grey scale, Doppler, 2D-share wave elastography (2D-SWE)] ofsalivary (parotid and submandibular) and lacrimal glands in healthy people and patients with diabetes mellitus and/or obesity, with or without sialosis.Material and methods: We evaluated 170 patients (1020 glands, 1700 grey scale and Doppler images), split in two groups (group 1- healthy people, group 2- obese and/or diabetes patients, with or without sialosis). For each patient we assessed the parotid, submandibular and lacrimal glands in grey scale US (echogenicity, homogeneity, glandular contour, posterior border, lymph nodes), color Doppler US and 2D-SWE. All images were analyzed by two examiners blinded to each other or to patients.Results: The interobserver agreement was strong or moderate for all parameters. In group 2, the salivary glands had increased echogenicity, homogeneous aspect and invisible posterior border (all p<0.001). There was no significant variation of elasticity modulus in the groups analyzed (5.46±1.57 vs 5.67±1.81 in parotid, 8.63±1.84 vs 8.55±1.94 in submandibular and 9.47±2.1 vs 9.53±2.23 in lacrimal glands, all p<0.05) or according to the body mass index (BMI), sex, patient age, the aspect in grey scale/Doppler US or the presence of sialosis (all p<0.05).Conclusion: The main US differences between healthy people and patients with diabetes mellitus and/or obesity are suggested by the echogenicity, homogeneity, posterior border and the size of glandular area. No significant differences of elasticity modulus were found between the analyzed groups or related to BMI, sex, patient age or other grey scale/Doppler US items analyzed.

Viscosity Plane-wave UltraSound (ViPLUS) in the assessment of parotid and submandibular glands in healthy subjects – preliminary results

“…In terms of parenchymal elasticity, PG also presented lower values than SMG, assessed with 2D-SWE (5.39±1.45 kPa vs. 8.53±1.89 kPa) [12]. In our group of subjects, gender was not a confounding factor for PG and SMG viscosity and did not influence the elasticity modulus of the major salivary glands assessed with 2D-SWE on healthy subjects [13].…”

Detection of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Influence on Perinatal Outcomes from B-Mode Ultrasound Images Using Deep Neural Network

“…It may be that GDM causes hyperglycemia in fetuses. As a result, hypertonic diuretic hormone secretion is strong, and fetal urination increases, which leads to polyhydramnios [20][21][22]. Under the stimulation of hyperglycemia, the protein synthesis amount increases, and the birth rate of giant babies increases.…”

Narrative review of multiparametric ultrasound in parotid gland evaluation

“…using US criteria such as volume, margins, echotexture, echogenicity, etc. Variable appearance can be found in healthy population; Badarinza et al recently published an atlas with 4 scale grades of parotid echogenicity and found that 12% of healthy non-obese people had inhomogeneous parenchyma (30).…”

“…Different surgical procedures (e.g., extracapsular dissection and partial, superficial, total, or radical parotidectomy) can be adapted based on the preoperative knowledge to ensure radicality, the preservation of functional structures as facial nerve and to reduce patient's morbidity (25). A multimodal US pathway includes, besides clinical and laboratory data, the use of GSUS, color-Doppler (CD) US (CDUS), US-elastography and contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) (26)(27)(28)(29)(30).…”