“…In order to increase the quality of ECSE, researchers have used several technological tools, such as tablets (Fridberg et al, 2018), computers, and several ICT tools (Hu & Yelland, 2017;Mertala, 2020;Samuelsson, 2019;Sundqvist & Nilsson, 2018), digital apps (Kim, Asher, Burkhauser, Mesite, & Leyva, 2019), coding (Çiftci & Bildiren, 2020) robotic kit (Sullivan & Bers, 2018 programming (Master, Cheryan, & Meltzoff, 2017;Otterborn et al, 2019;Papadakis & Kalogiannakis, 2019), STEM (Chen, Huang, & Wu, 2020;Yıldırım, 2020;Zhao & Guo, 2019) and other technologies such as e-portfolio (Franklin & Smith, 2015;Habeeb & Ebrahim, 2019), augmented reality (Ozdamli & Karagozlu, 2018) and web 2.0 (Alkhayat, Ernest, & La Chenaye, 2020). In addition, some researchers have focused on identifying teachers' use of technologies in their classrooms (Hu & Yelland, 2017;Otterborn et al, 2019;Sundqvist & Nilsson, 2018), their beliefs (Chen et al, 2020;Mertala, 2020;Master et al, 2017;Park, Dimitrov, Patterson, & Park, 2017), their perceptions (Habeeb & Ebrahim, 2019), and examining the effects of these technologies on students' learning outcomes such as academic achievement, motivation, attitude, student engagement, retention, and problem-solving (Bustamante et al, 2020;Zhao & Guo, 2019).…”