Multimodal Hallucination (Audio-visual, Kinaesthetic and Scenic) Associated with the Use of Zolpidem

Ram, Dushad; Eiman, Najla; Gowdappa, Basavana

doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.2.215

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…There have been reports of somnambulism as well as homicide [11]. Advanced, female gender, concomitant use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), and Zolpidem dosage >10 mg have been reported to be associated with hallucinogenic side effects of Zolpidem; however, it can be seen in the younger population as well [10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Hallucinations from Zolpidem Use for the Treatment of Hospital Insomnia in a Septuagenarian

Mian

2019

Cureus

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Hallucinations from Zolpidem Use for the Treatment of Hospital Insomnia in a Septuagenarian

Mian

2019

Cureus

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“…Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of Z drugs, including hallucinations and psychosis, have been described for over 15 years, 24–27 including atypical and/or multimodal hallucinations. 28 Most often this has been related to zolpidem, although this may reflect higher usage rates. 29 While mechanisms underlying other adverse effects, such as parasomnias have been investigated, 30 the explanation for associations with hallucinations remains unclear, although it does not appear to be related directly to dose or plasma concentrations, and at least some excess adverse event reporting has been suggested in association with media exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recorded atypical hallucinations in psychotic and affective disorders and associations with non-benzodiazepine hypnotic use: the South London and Maudsley Case Register

2018

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ObjectivesHallucinations are present in many conditions, notably psychosis. Although under-researched, atypical hallucinations, such as tactile, olfactory and gustatory (TOGHs), may arise secondary to hypnotic drug use, particularly non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (‘Z drugs’). This retrospective case-control study investigated the frequency of TOGHs and their associations with prior Z drug use in a large mental healthcare database.MethodsTOGHs were ascertained in 2014 using a bespoke natural language processing algorithm and were analysed against covariates (including use of Z drugs, demographic factors, diagnosis, disorder severity and other psychotropic medications) ascertained prior to 2014.ResultsIn 43 339 patients with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition schizophreniform or affective disorder diagnoses, 324 (0.75%) had any TOGH recorded (0.54% tactile, 0.24% olfactory, 0.06% gustatory hallucinations). TOGHs were associated with male gender, black ethnicity, schizophreniform diagnosis and higher disorder severity on Health of the National Outcome Scales. In fully adjusted models, tactile and olfactory hallucinations remained independently associated with prior mention of Z drugs (ORs 1.86 and 1.60, respectively).ConclusionsWe successfully developed a natural language processing algorithm to identify instances of TOGHs in the clinical record. TOGHs overall, tactile and olfactory hallucinations were shown to be associated with prior mention of Z drugs. This may have implications for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with comorbid sleep and psychiatric conditions.

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“…Later, cases of Z-drug reports causing visual hallucinations and amnesia in people with no history of mental disease appeared. Although the mechanism of action to describe these phenomena is not clear, it is speculated that GABA receptor (α1 subunit) may be overexpressed, or they may be rapid activation after quick absorption in sensitive individuals [36]. As seen in the reports, this is especially true for those patients with mental disease such bipolar disorder, borderline Medicinal Chemistry personality disorders, or drug abuse potential, because the sensitization of GABA receptors in some of these patients may predispose to the development of hallucinations [37].…”

Section: "Z-drugs" or Nonbenzodiazepinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

1,4-Benzodiazepines and New Derivatives: Description, Analysis, and Organic Synthesis

Batlle¹,

Lizano²,

Viñas³

et al. 2019

Medicinal Chemistry

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Benzodiazepines are widely used drugs for several indications. This study provides, on the other hand, a global vision of the family starting for their fortuitous discovery, the synthesis of their derivatives, their mechanism of action widely known nowadays, the actual classification according to the chemical structure and pharmacokinetic properties, and their uses and indications, the traditional and the new ones. On the other hand,the study is focused in the mainly problems of benzodiazepines, depedence, and tolerance, many times led by a misuse of the patient, wrong prescriptions, or extended treatments. A withdrawal program is proposed that includes the important factors or criteria to success, with a slow and gradual reduction of these drugs, avoiding relapse or severe adverse effects. New lines of research related to benzodiazepines are taken into account, which not only include the new therapeutic uses but also the adverse effects in short and long term. They are also analyzed the new discoveries concerning the nonbenzodiazepine drugs due to the close relation they have with benzodiazepines.

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Multimodal Hallucination (Audio-visual, Kinaesthetic and Scenic) Associated with the Use of Zolpidem

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Visual Hallucinations from Zolpidem Use for the Treatment of Hospital Insomnia in a Septuagenarian

Visual Hallucinations from Zolpidem Use for the Treatment of Hospital Insomnia in a Septuagenarian

Recorded atypical hallucinations in psychotic and affective disorders and associations with non-benzodiazepine hypnotic use: the South London and Maudsley Case Register

1,4-Benzodiazepines and New Derivatives: Description, Analysis, and Organic Synthesis

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