1,4-Benzodiazepines and New Derivatives: Description, Analysis, and Organic Synthesis

Abstract

Benzodiazepines are widely used drugs for several indications. This study provides, on the other hand, a global vision of the family starting for their fortuitous discovery, the synthesis of their derivatives, their mechanism of action widely known nowadays, the actual classification according to the chemical structure and pharmacokinetic properties, and their uses and indications, the traditional and the new ones. On the other hand,the study is focused in the mainly problems of benzodiazepines, depedence, and tolerance, many times led by a misuse of the patient, wrong prescriptions, or extended treatments. A withdrawal program is proposed that includes the important factors or criteria to success, with a slow and gradual reduction of these drugs, avoiding relapse or severe adverse effects. New lines of research related to benzodiazepines are taken into account, which not only include the new therapeutic uses but also the adverse effects in short and long term. They are also analyzed the new discoveries concerning the nonbenzodiazepine drugs due to the close relation they have with benzodiazepines.

Diversity of Toxic Chemical Substances Based on Viscera Report of Autopsy Samples Collected at Rajshahi Medical College in 2019 and 2020

“…18 Compounds of benzodiazepines (BZDs) structural class are used as hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants. 19 Diazepam is one of the drugs of BZD class. Generally, BZDs are safe as they have a large therapeutic index.…”

Ultrasound for Drug Synthesis: A Green Approach

“…Benzodiazepines have been receiving great interest in the field of medicinal chemistry because of their various biological activities and their use as hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants [95]. The first report on the combined use of ultrasound irradiation and solvent-free conditions for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines was reported by Shinde et al [96], who described works where camphor sulphonic acid was used as an eco-friendly organocatalyst.…”

Allosteric GABAA Receptor Modulators—A Review on the Most Recent Heterocyclic Chemotypes and Their Synthetic Accessibility

“…Short-acting benzodiazepines, such as midazolam, are mostly used in anesthesia or insomnia due to their rapid onset. Long-acting benzodiazepines such as diazepam are preferred in the treatment of alcohol or drug withdrawal [104].…”