Multilayer electrodes: Fully electroactive cyt c on gold as a part of a DNA/protein architecture

Adsorption characteristics of Cytochrome c/DNA complex Langmuir molecular assemblies at the air–water interface: a surface area-normalized isotherm study

“…[15][16][17] Also the rate and nature of electron transfer process may be realized by manipulating the organizations of their complex molecular assemblies at a nanometer scale. DNA has already been used to prepare some supramolecular network as the building block for assembling of redox protein namely, Cytochrome c (Cyt c) into multilayers 18 via layer-layer-layer self-assembly method. However, there was no such efficient and precise control of molecular orientation as well as the spatial distribution of redox-active centres of protein in the complex architectures.…”

“…However, there was no such efficient and precise control of molecular orientation as well as the spatial distribution of redox-active centres of protein in the complex architectures. Although this ordered DNA network has some potential for their role in direct electron transport through redox proteins 18 but their industrial applications may be limited due to comparably less control over the molecular engineering of DNA assemblies onto solid substrate. Therefore, more experimental sophistication may be necessary which may require additional cost for large-scale of such nanofabrication.…”

Study of Cytochrome c-DNA Interaction – Evaluation of Binding Sites on the Redox Protein

“…17 Agarose gel electrophoresis of ct DNA revealed that it was a mixture of fragments of varying size (Fig. S1 †).…”

“…Cyclic voltammetry of multilayer assemblies showed quasi-reversible ET, a substantial amount of electro-active protein (up to 320 pmol cm −2 for a 6 bi-layer system) and only minor changes in the formal redox potential (E f ) of cyt c, indicating that the heme remains in the native state. 17 Compared to other multilayer systems (built using synthetic polyelectrolytes or modified nanoparticles [37][38][39] ) the cyt c-DNA system showed the highest accumulation of redox active material. Exploiting these properties, cyt c-DNA multilayer systems were advanced to construct analytical signal chains.…”

Direct electron transfer of cytochrome c and its biosensor based on poly(ferrocenylsilane)–DNA composite film

“…A large number of works were carried to immobilize this protein on an electrode surface successfully [12][13][14][15][16], but there is still a need to increase the functional density beyond the monolayer arrangement. To achieve this aim, Cyt c immobilized on vertically aligned carbon nanofibers [17] and Cyt c multilayers within a polyelectrolyte [18,19], DNA [20], and protein [21] assembly by layer-by-layer arrangement have been developed. However, in thicker films or multilayers, generally only those protein molecules near the electrode surface are electro-active.…”