Multifunctional Orbital Angular Momentum Generator With High-Gain Low-Profile Broadband and Programmable Characteristics

Liu, Baiyang; Wong, Sai‐Wai; Tam, Kam Weng; Xiao, Zhang; Li, Yin

doi:10.1109/tap.2021.3111214

Cited by 37 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Folded Reflection [ 35,36] 1-bit 5.6𝜆 × 5.6𝜆 [35] 10𝜆 × 10𝜆 [36] 1.25𝜆 [35] 2.5𝜆 [36] 17.1 dB [35] 22.7 dB [36] 13.2% [35] 14.8% [36] Radiation-type (This work) 1-bit 8𝜆 × 8𝜆 0.053𝜆 23.9 dB 30.6%…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…[ 32–34 ] Nevertheless, only fixed shaped beams can be stimulated through using these passive methods, that is, the metasurfaces are not reconfigurable and the beams generated cannot be modulated in a single metasurface. Similar designs with digital programmable metasurfaces have been rarely reported to the best of our knowledge, until recently, programmable folded‐reflectarray metasurfaces based on PIN diodes were developed for wide‐angle beam scanning applications or multifunctional OAM generation, [ 35,36 ] which suffer from very low aperture efficiencies along with high sidelobe levels. In a broader categorization, the concepts of the metasurface antennas were also proposed, and the studies are mostly confined to theoretical prototypes or passive static methods, which still have certain distance from the flexible and dynamic electromagnetic engineering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiation‐Type Programmable Metasurface for Direct Manipulation of Electromagnetic Emission

Bai

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2022

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Programmable metasurfaces enable fine‐grained real‐time modulation over electromagnetic (EM) waves in a digital manner, which have gained remarkable attention in antenna engineering and wireless communications. However, either a reflective or transmissive programmable metasurface requires an external feed source with significant distance to the metasurface, making the whole programmable device a relatively high profile as well as low efficiency as a result of the feed spillover losses. In this paper, an innovative design of radiation‐type programmable metasurface for dynamic modulation of radiant EM wave is presented, which perfectly combines the functions of 1‐bit phase shifter and efficient power radiator in the single unit framework. By employing the integrated series‐parallel hybrid microstrip network to stimulate the topside metasurface units, versatile capacities, including dynamic beam scanning and multimode vortex beam generation, are verified both numerically and experimentally. Due to the direct‐radiation characteristic of the metasurface design, the programmable metasurface possesses the aperture efficiency over 30% and a low profile reduced by almost two orders of magnitude, when comparing with the conventional reflective or transmissive programmable metasurfaces illuminated by the external feeds. The proposed design can offer a novel approach of programmable metasurface framework in dynamic radiant EM modulation for low‐profile conformal applications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation‐Type Programmable Metasurface for Direct Manipulation of Electromagnetic Emission

Bai

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2022

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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show abstract

“…Another simplified feed network and increased bandwidth and gain scheme is to use meta-surface/material technology to generate OAM [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Meta-surface/material can achieve sudden changes in the amplitude or phase of EMWs by changing the shape and size of resonant elements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Millimeter-Wave Broadband Multi-Mode Substrate-Integrated Gap Waveguide Traveling-Wave Antenna with Orbit Angular Momentum

Lin,

Hou,

Wang

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Orbit angular momentum (OAM) has been considered a new dimension for improving channel capacity in recent years. In this paper, a millimeter-wave broadband multi-mode waveguide traveling-wave antenna with OAM is proposed by innovatively utilizing the transmitted electromagnetic waves (EMWs) characteristic of substrate-integrated gap waveguides (SIGWs) to introduce phase delay, resulting in coupling to the radiate units with a phase jump. Nine “L”-shaped slot radiate elements are cut in a circular order at a certain angle on the SIGW to generate spin angular momentum (SAM) and OAM. To generate more OAM modes and match the antenna, four “Π”-shaped slot radiate units with a 90° relationship to each other are designed in this circular array. The simulation results show that the antenna operates at 28 GHz, with a −10 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) = 35.7%, ranging from 25.50 to 35.85 GHz and a VSWR ≤ 1.5 dB from 28.60 to 32.0 GHz and 28.60 to 32.0 GHz. The antenna radiates a linear polarization (LP) mode with a gain of 9.3 dBi at 34.0~37.2 GHz, a l = 2 SAM–OAM (i.e., circular polarization OAM (CP–OAM)) mode with 8.04 dBi at 25.90~28.08 GHz, a l = 1 and l = 2 hybrid OAM mode with 5.7 dBi at 28.08~29.67 GHz, a SAM (i.e., left/right hand circular polarization (L/RHCP) mode with 4.6 dBi at 29.67~30.41 GHz, and a LP mode at 30.41~35.85 GHz. In addition, the waveguide transmits energy with a bandwidth ranging from 26.10 to 38.46 GHz. Within the in-band, only a quasi-TEM mode is transmitted with an energy transmission loss |S21| ≤ 2 dB.

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“…AM has two components: spin angular momentum (SAM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM). SAM and OAM are related to the rotation alongside the beam axis (circular polarisation) and around the beam axis (spiral spatial distribution), respectively [4]. An OAM‐carrying beam can provide an extra degree of freedom due to the inherent orthogonality among the generated OAM modes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beam‐steering capability for OAM‐based reflectarray at 5G‐mmWave frequencies

Ali

Khalily

Brown

et al. 2022

IET Microwaves Antenna & Prop

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The ability of the reflectarray antenna (RA) to perform orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam‐steering with low divergence angles at the fifth generation (5G) millimetre‐wave (mmWave) bands is demonstrated. To provide steered OAM beams, it is necessary to regulate the scatterer's geometries smoothly throughout the focal area to follow the required twisted distribution. The traditional numerical method to compensate for the phase is modified to enable the 3D scanning property of OAM beams, so it is possible to avoid the feeder blockage and produce high‐gain steered OAM beams. Likewise, reducing the inherent beam divergence of OAM beams can be obtained by examining the most satisfactory phase distribution of the scatterers by fitting the focal length. The simulated radiation pattern is validated by the measured radiation pattern of the fabricated RA in the frequency range between 28.5 and 31.5 GHz.

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Multifunctional Orbital Angular Momentum Generator With High-Gain Low-Profile Broadband and Programmable Characteristics

Cited by 37 publications

References 44 publications

Radiation‐Type Programmable Metasurface for Direct Manipulation of Electromagnetic Emission

Radiation‐Type Programmable Metasurface for Direct Manipulation of Electromagnetic Emission

A Millimeter-Wave Broadband Multi-Mode Substrate-Integrated Gap Waveguide Traveling-Wave Antenna with Orbit Angular Momentum

Beam‐steering capability for OAM‐based reflectarray at 5G‐mmWave frequencies

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