Multifunctional nanoparticle-mediated combining therapy for human diseases

Abstract

Combining existing drug therapy is essential in developing new therapeutic agents in disease prevention and treatment. In preclinical investigations, combined effect of certain known drugs has been well established in treating extensive human diseases. Attributed to synergistic effects by targeting various disease pathways and advantages, such as reduced administration dose, decreased toxicity, and alleviated drug resistance, combinatorial treatment is now being pursued by delivering therapeutic agents to combat major clinical illnesses, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, myocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Combinatorial therapy involves combining or co-delivering two or more drugs for treating a specific disease. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery systems, i.e., liposomal NPs, polymeric NPs and nanocrystals, are of great interest in combinatorial therapy for a wide range of disorders due to targeted drug delivery, extended drug release, and higher drug stability to avoid rapid clearance at infected areas. This review summarizes various targets of diseases, preclinical or clinically approved drug combinations and the development of multifunctional NPs for combining therapy and emphasizes combinatorial therapeutic strategies based on drug delivery for treating severe clinical diseases. Ultimately, we discuss the challenging of developing NP-codelivery and translation and provide potential approaches to address the limitations. This review offers a comprehensive overview for recent cutting-edge and challenging in developing NP-mediated combination therapy for human diseases.

Recent Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Self-Immolative Polymers for Drug Delivery and Molecular Imaging

“…It involves the regulation of multiple signaling pathways through various therapeutic agents, such as drugs, antibodies, and nucleic acids. 63,64 However, different types of drugs have different sites and timings of action, and spatiotemporal control of drug release has become a key research direction in this field. 65 Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop SIPs responsive to multiple stimuli in the current era of precision medicine.…”

“…Furthermore, tissue microenvironments consist of a combination of various physicochemical states, and by combining multiple stimuli, it is possible to improve the selectivity for specific physiological microenvironments through multiple affirmations. , More importantly, combination therapy is required because single treatment is often insufficient to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects in the management of many diseases. It involves the regulation of multiple signaling pathways through various therapeutic agents, such as drugs, antibodies, and nucleic acids. , However, different types of drugs have different sites and timings of action, and spatiotemporal control of drug release has become a key research direction in this field . Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop SIPs responsive to multiple stimuli in the current era of precision medicine.…”

Supramolecular 3 in 1: A Lubrication and Co-Delivery System for Synergistic Advanced Osteoarthritis Therapy

“…Over the past several decades, clinical practice and exploratory studies have demonstrated that a singular treatment modality is ineffective in combating refractory diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, due to its complexity, heterogeneity, and drug resistance. − In line with therapeutic advancements, combination therapies have emerged as a superior approach to overcome monotherapy limitations. ,− Combination therapy, achieved by concurrently administering multiple drugs or integrating diverse therapeutic modalities, can enhance therapeutic effectiveness, minimize side effects, combat drug resistance, and mitigate the chances of recurrence. ,, For example, the highly active antiretroviral therapy, which involves the combination of three or more anti-HIV drugs, has become the predominant therapeutic approach for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. , Moreover, the World Health Organization recommends artemisinin combination therapy as the primary treatment for malaria patients . Significantly, the growing acknowledgment of the distinct benefits of combination therapy over monotherapy in treating various diseases has fostered its gradual adoption in clinical settings.…”