Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Dynamic Imaging and Therapy

Abstract

Dynamic therapy is a key research area for noninvasive clinical therapeutics. Up to now, light, electricity, ultrasound, and magnetic field have been investigated for the potential remote cellular regulation tools. Opening ion channels, activating cell death, and manipulating individual receptors that can control various cellular signal pathways have been suggested using external energy forms that can be dynamically applied in situ, which advance from the static control strategies. [1][2][3][4] For instance, optogenetics using light [5,6] have greatly advanced cellular modulation over the past decades, especially for neuromodulation. [7] Other energy sources have also been demonstrated with promising potential for regulating cellular metabolism and death. However, controlling the penetration and localization of energy sources (e.g., light and electricity) in tissues and cells have been challenging for in vivo applications. On the other hand, a magnetic field can safely penetrate deep tissues, which is particularly relevant for clinical applications. Consequently, utilizing the magnetic field to manipulate the MNPs is emerging as an effective approach to dynamically regulate cellular activity. [8] Recent advancements of multifunctional MNPs, spintronics, and magnetogenetics have enabled precise modulation of magnetic field gradients and pulses to remotely control the movement, heat generation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of the MNPs (Figure 1).Engineering multifunctional magnetic particles is the key requirement to achieve desired biomedical applications. [9][10][11] In the past 20 years, MNPs have received increasing attention

Stimuli-responsive ferroptosis for cancer therapy

“…An exogenous magnetic field has been widely studied in the field of biomedicine due to its highly tissue-penetrative and noninvasive characteristics. 78 Under the influence of a magnetic field, the alignment of the magnetic spin within a magnetically responsive material changes, resulting in dynamic motion (e.g., movement, vibration, rotation, etc.) that can directly influence nearby cells or release a loaded drug.…”

One-dimensional nanomaterials for cancer therapy and diagnosis

“…Under alternating magnetic fields, magnetic 1-D nanomaterials efficiently produce heat that increases the local temperature due to their high responsiveness to the external magnetic field and extensive motion due to the elongated morphology. 29 Generally, magnetic hyperthermia is caused by Brownian relaxation (rotation or vibration of the particle) and Ne ´el relaxation (rotation of the internal magnetic domain), where Brownian relaxation plays a dominant role by generating frictional energy with the surroundings. 30 With their high sensitivity to the external magnetic field and extensive motion created by the elongated morphologies with a high surface-to-volume ratio, 1-D nanomaterials interact vigorously with the neighboring environment to generate a higher level of friction-mediated heat than the nanomaterials of other dimensions under the same external magnetic actuation.…”

Mechanical stimuli-driven cancer therapeutics

“…This application has been investigated extensively and determined to be highly effective in treating various target cancers under physical impact based on “mechanical force” which differs from the previous discussion of ultrasound- and magnetic-stimuli therapy that had been reported. 8–14…”

“…This application has been investigated extensively and determined to be highly effective in treating various target cancers under physical impact based on ''mechanical force'' which differs from the previous discussion of ultrasound-and magnetic-stimuli therapy that had been reported. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The fundamental mechanical forces are intrinsically present throughout the cellular microenvironment due to normal motion and physiological functioning of cells and sub-organelles. 15 For several decades, studies have revealed that mechanical forces drive numerous physiological processes and are a crucial regulator of cellular interaction.…”