Multifunctional communication inRiptortus clavatus (Heteroptera: Alydidae): Conspecific nymphs and egg parasitoidOoencyrtus nezarae use the same adult attractant pheromone as chemical cue

Abstract

The bean bug,Riptortus clavatus lays scattered eggs (as opposed to the egg masses of pentatomids) on host as well as nonhost plants. Therefore, the first feeding stage (second-instar) nymphs emerging from eggs laid on nonhost plants need a signal that enables them to locate a food source at the lowest energy cost. Male-released (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate, (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate, and myristyl isobutyrate play the double role of attractant pheromone for adults as well as aggregation pheromone, which enables the second-instar nymphs to find the host food plant. These male-specific semiochemicals are released only when foodstuff is available. On the other hand, females ofOoencyrtus nezarae, the most effective parasitoid of the host in Kumamoto, Japan (where the field experiments were conducted), utilize these semiochemicals as kairomones in order to locate the potential host community. Field experiments revealed that the synthetic pheromone rivaled 10 live males in the attraction of adults and second-instar nymphs. Captures of the egg parasitoidO. nezarae females in cylindrical sticky traps were significantly higher in traps baited with the synthetic semiochemicals than in control traps. The number of females captured was significantly higher than the number of males, although the captures in the sticky suction trap system revealed that the populations of male and female were not significantly different.

Chemical Ecology of Egg Parasitoids Associated with True Bugs

“…Host male attractant pheromone (E)-2-Hexenyl (Z)-3-Hexenoate Attraction in field, increased parasitism [34][35][36] Ooencyrtus telenomicida [86] 4 Psyche through the combined exploitation of cues that are directly and indirectly related to host eggs [7,8,13,14]. First, parasitoids may detect volatiles from nontarget instars of the host, that is, adults or juveniles, to reach the vicinity of the host eggs (infochemical detour sensu Vet & Dicke [8]), eventually enabling them to pin-point eggs using additional long-and/or short-range cues.…”

“…Exploitation of pheromones and/or allomones from host adults has been demonstrated for both Platygastridae [28,[30][31][32][33] and Encyrtidae [34][35][36][37][38] (Table 1). These stimuli provide indirect information on the presence of the host community, leading the wasp female to the vicinity of host eggs.…”

“…Field experiments confirm parasitoid attraction towards host adults. Traps baited with the synthetic attractant pheromone of male Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) (Alydidae) captured females of the encyrtid egg parasitoid Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii [34]. Males of R. clavatus emit an aggregation pheromone, composed of a blend of three compounds that attract adults of both sexes and nymphs.…”

Pheromone Trap Type and Height for Attracting of Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) in Soybean Field

“…현재 주요 나방류 해충에 대한 페로몬 트랩 종류 및 특징에 대해서는 많은 연구가 활발히 이루어져 어느 정도 정착 단계에 있지만 노린재류의 트랩종류에 대한 비교연 구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 최근 톱다리개미허리노린재를 비롯한 몇 종의 노린재류에 관한 집합페로몬이 개발되어 노린재류의 정밀예찰, 대량포획 및 천적인 난기생봉의 유인에 의한 친환경 관리기술개발에 많은 노력을 기울이 고 있지만 (Jones, 1988;Leal et al, 1995;Witzall, 2001;Huh et al, 2005b), 노린재류의 밀도 를 정밀하게 조사할 수 있는 방법 개발이 더 요구되고 있다. 또한, 톱다리개미허리노린재의 집합페로몬 트랩에 가로줄노린재(Piezodorus hybneri)가 유인된다는 보고가 있어 (Endo et al, 2003; 로몬 트랩 높이별 톱다리개미허리노린재의 유인정도를 조사한 결과 (Fig.…”

Insecticidal Effect of Aggregation Pheromone Fish Net Trap using Residual Effect of Insecticides Against Bean Bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae)

“…하지만 톱다리개미허리노린재는 이동성이 강하 여 약제를 살포할 경우 인근포장이나 주변 잡초로 이동한 후 일정한 시간이 흐른 뒤 다시 이동해 오기 때문에 화학농 약을 살포하는 방법으로는 효과적인 방제를 하기 어렵다 (Paik et al, 2009;Seo et al, 2011 (Jones, 1988;Leal et al, 1995;Witzgall, 2001;, 나아가 좀 더 효과적인 예찰 및 방제방법으로 활용 될 수 있도록 집합페로몬의 조성비, 트랩의 종류 및 설치방법에 관한 연구도 이루어졌다 (Huh et al, 2008;Paik et al, 2009 재질별 처리약제의 잔효성 높은 살충활성을 보인 2종의 약제(bifenthrin, fenitrothion) 를 나무, 철, 플라스틱 재질에 처리하여 잔효성을 조사하였 다 (Fig. 2).…”