Multiferroic Reinforced Bioactive Glass Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Abstract

Nowadays controlling cellular responses and function of biological molecules is becoming one of the prime areas of focus in biomedical field. In this investigation, an attempt is made to generate in situ charge in bioactive glass (BAG) by incorporating BiFeO3 (BF, a multiferroic material). It is hypothesized that BF in BAG can accelerate cellular activities for rapid tissue healing with externally applied magnetic field due to in situ polarization. BAG composites with different amounts of BF (2 to 15 wt%) are prepared using ball milling followed by pressing and sintering. The composites are characterized in terms of microstructures, constituent phases, magnetic, and electrical properties. Further, in vitro cytotoxicity studies are performed to evaluate the influence of in situ polarization by culturing mouse preosteoblast cells (MC3T3) on BAG‐BF composites under different external magnetic field treatments. These in vitro cell‐materials interaction studies demonstrate that magnetic field strengths of 200 or 350 mT exposed for 30 min/day can enhance cell viability and proliferation on these composites up to three times. Hence, the authors expect that this investigation will enable further developments to extend the application of multiferroics in bone tissue engineering.

The versatile biomedical applications of bismuth-based nanoparticles and composites: therapeutic, diagnostic, biosensing, and regenerative properties

“…In addition to all of the techniques mentioned above, a diverse range of Bi-based nanocomposites have been prepared in order to improve the performance of BiNPs in different biomedical applications, such as antibacterial materials, drug delivery, cancer therapy, imaging, electrochemical sensors, and tissue engineering. 123,196 The combination of BiNPs with several types of materials has been proposed, including with carbon-based materials, bioactive glasses, inorganic NPs, and polymers (e.g., PVP and PEG). 48,52,123,[196][197][198][199] For example, the construction of Bi heterojunctions with TiO 2 or other materials, [200][201][202][203] doping of various materials on BiNPs, [204][205][206][207] as well as coating with various polymers, have been greatly focused on in the fabrication of Bi-based nanocomposites.…”

“…123,196 The combination of BiNPs with several types of materials has been proposed, including with carbon-based materials, bioactive glasses, inorganic NPs, and polymers (e.g., PVP and PEG). 48,52,123,[196][197][198][199] For example, the construction of Bi heterojunctions with TiO 2 or other materials, [200][201][202][203] doping of various materials on BiNPs, [204][205][206][207] as well as coating with various polymers, have been greatly focused on in the fabrication of Bi-based nanocomposites. Among all of these, the in vivo application of polymer camouflaged Bi-based nanocomposites has been highly studied as they show better stability in aqueous solutions and prolonged circulation time in the bloodstream.…”

“…Mouse preosteoblast cells on BG composites under different external magnetic field treatments demonstrated 3-fold enhancement of cell viability and proliferation for these composites at specific magnetic field strengths of 200 or 350 milliTesla (mT), which improved polarization and decreased the degree of crystalline phases of the BG. 196 These studies are considered to have opened the door for the further investigation of the application of Bi composites in bone repair.…”

In situ electrical stimulation for enhanced bone growth: A mini‐review

“…The multiferroics could find tremendous applications in the biomedical field as well. For instance, defective voltage-gated ion chan- BiFeO 3 (BF) nanoparticles and their in vitro biological performance (Khatua, Bhattacharya, et al, 2018;Khatua, Sengupta, Kundu, Bhattacharya, & Balla, 2019).…”

“…Further, compositional analysis across the BF particles clearly showed the absence of any undesirable interactions between BF and BAG, which is essential to retain multiferroic properties of BF particles in these composites. in pure BF and biocomposites, and thus reduces the activation energy for electrical polarization domain switching (Baettig, Ederer, & Spaldin, 2005) leading to changes in the ferroelectric domain switching behaviour and polarization (Khatua, Bhattacharya, et al, 2018;Khatua et al, 2019). In the biocomposites with ≤ 2 wt.% BF, the uniform distribution of isolated BF particles ( Figure 11) enabled easy realignment of magnetic domains and enhanced polar displacement of ions resulting in relatively less polarization loss, compared to the F I G U R E 9 (a) Schematic of Co 0.9 Fe 0.1 Pt or Co 0.9 Fe 0.1 /Cu/Co 0.9 Fe 0.1 /Pt spin valve structure deposited on BiFeO 3 film to observe complete 180° reversal of magnetization under electric field; (b) initial (0V) and (c) final (6V) states of magnetization of the films (imaged by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy); red (blue) arrow indicates the magnetic moment direction; green arrow (indicating the magnetization of the spin valve layer) shows reversal upon application of electric field (Heron, Bosse, et al, 2014) F I G U R E 1 0 Schematic showing possible mechanisms of ion channel stimulation by multiferroic particles in the presence of magnetic field.…”